Operations Strategy Case Study of Factory

operations Strategy Case Study of manufactoryConsultants Report An operating(a) ReviewofThe pulverizationContents (Jump to)1. Executive Summary2. Introduction3. Strategic Review4. Operational Issues4.1 Processes4.2 Plant/Equipment4.3 Customers4.4 Contractors/Supply Chain4.5 Personnel4.6 Environmental4.7 commercialize/Competitors5. Recommendations6. Further Recommendations7. Conclusion8. Bibliography9. Appendices1.Executive SummaryThis Report has identified the Pea Factory (the Factory)s operations strategy as focusing on producing forest products, on time and satisfying the bespoke requirements of its nodes. It achieves this with its flavour controlled operational bear upones and procedures.Unfortunately these makees and procedures are not without problems, which are categorised under the following headings do workes, personnel, environmental, bring/machinery and commercialize/ disceptation. Problems encountered with quality issues can be turn to by carrying out a review of the completely subroutine using qualitative and quantitative methods, applying benchmarking techniques and reviewing the whole system and applying total quality centering methodology.The introduction of computerisation into the administrative process would eliminate human error and remove chat problems within the control room. It whitethorn also submit the opportunity of reducing costs (over a period), with the removal of personnel.The add up chain is a fundamental commonwealth for focus, as this is crucial for the survival of the business. Ensuring the supply chain is running smoothly is not only an extremely difficult thing to achieve and it can also be extremely costly. The management team need to focus on maintaining good relations with all suppliers, contractors and subcontractors.M all of the issues, much(prenominal) as lack of capacity, the requirement for extra equipment, increased market share etc could easily be mitigated with the acquisition of a competitor. This necessarily serious consideration, although it obviously requires investment by the parent union. In the meantime however, by implementing the recommendations in this report, the Factory can and will move closer to achieving sustainable competitive advantage and improving productivity, whilst reducing costs.2.IntroductionThis Report has been commissioned to provide an operational review of The Pea Factory (the Factory). The operations strategy will be identified together with an analytical review being carried out on the operational problems facing the Factory. Areas such as how the entire process is controlled, the use and maintenance of the equipment, the focus on the guests needs and the use of quality control amongst separate areas.The Report will also make recommendations for values to the operation, which will eliminate many of the problems highlighted. For instance, the introduction of a computerisation into the control room to monitor the process from start to final stage would remove many of the timing and communication issues experienced.In undertaking the research for this report there were a number of other aspects of the operation that were identified, which would benefit from improvement and they are also contained within this report.3.Strategic ReviewIn order to complete a strategic review of the Factory, it is required to first understand what is meant by the term operations strategy. According to Slack et al1, it isthe total pattern of decisions and actions which set the role, objectives and activities of the operation so that they contribute to and support the memorial tablets business strategy.In order to develop an operations strategy, the operations manager has to consider a number of factors such as the needs of customers, as well as what the competition are doing. According to Porter(2)an organisation should aim to achieve sustainable competitive advantageThe Factory achieves this by focusing on their customer requirement s and by producing a quality product, in a timely fashion and at a reasonable cost. The ability to adapt and be flexible in its approach to its customers demands is an important feature in the organisations strategy. The Factory concentrates on its core competencies (that of the production of frozen vegetables) rather than diversifying into other products such as pizzas, pies and other products. Specialisation is key to the strategy.Whilst sufficient culture is known about the Factorys operations strategy, little is known about the Groups strategy, and how the Factorys operations strategy fits with it, other than to say that they are medical specialist food producers.4.Operational IssuesA review of the processes and procedures of the Factory using a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis was undertaken (see Appendix 1 attached). This identified several operational problem areas, which have been grouped under the following headings processes, plant/equipment, customers, contractors/supply chain, personnel, environmental and market/competitors.4.1ProcessesThe operations process is coordinated from the control room. Unfortunately the control systems used are manual ones, with any change in process being amended on the board, this manual process could lead to errors, miscommunication and time delays.With the limited daily processing capacity, even if there was greater demand, the organisation would not be able to cope. Further, there is little room for error with the tight time line from picking to blanching.Quality issues with stock held in quarantine, and pot peas needing to be run though the Sortex colour sorter, several times, results in wasted time and cost.4.2Plant/EquipmentThe extensive use of expensive machinery means that the organisations crashs are high with costly down time through failure ( crossly unplanned). This has a detrimental onus of the Factorys ability to achieve its targets and to put to death orders, costing the organisation both time and money.4.3CustomersTailor made packaging for its customers may have a negative effect on the cost base. self-coloured the customers needs is an important aspect of the organisations strategy, but the question needs to be asked, as what cost? In order to come this question, lucubrate financial information would be required for analysis.4.4Contractors/Supply ChainThe use of so many contractors in various parts of the process does lead to problems such as communication, control and quality. Differing yields and size containers results in identification and storage difficulties. Using multiple storage contractors could result in missing stock and lack of quality control. This could result in down time and ultimately affect the quality of the product.4.5PersonnelFluctuating staff levels at different times of the year causes particular problems for the organisation. The need to train and re-train new staff results in delays and errors. Lack of communication c auses costly delays. Such seasonal work may not be entirely satisfying thereby creating problems with lack of job satisfaction, and therefore lack of attention to detail.4.6EnvironmentalEnvironmental issues are a major headache. The weather clearly impacts on the production of the pea crop. The varying weather patterns create uncertainty and scheduling issues. The crop rotation cycle also restricts the level of produce provided in any given region at any given time. This limiting factor can result in not enough of the product being available.4.7 merchandise/CompetitorsAn analysis of the competitive environment reveals that there is at least one privately owned competitor who is using aggressive pricing in the market. in that location is also the issue of the major retailers controlling the market. If one of the retailers decides to stop using the Factory so this will negatively impact the level of profitability and sustainability of the business. every last(predicate) of these is sues need to be addressed immediately and the recommendations for doing so are highlighted in the next section.5. RecommendationsAll operation managers experience difficulties and this is certainly the case at the Factory. In order to achieve operational effectiveness, Slack et al (3), agrees that there should beSmooth customer flow, a clean, well-designed environment, sufficient goods to satisfy demand, sufficient staff to assist customers, appropriate quality of service, a continuous stream of ideas to improve its operations.What better way to measure a smooth customer flow than to lay in a computerised system which will track the stock, deliveries and all the processes from start to finish. This would require significant investment, but would have the benefit of eliminating human error and reducing overhead (by reducing the number of staff required to fulfil the function).Whilst this would affect staff morale, a programme of empowerment should be implemented unite with a proce eds scheme or effect measurement which would motivate the staff to achieve their individual and the organisations goals.A Total Quality care (TQM) process should be implemented, the characteristics of which aremeeting the needs and expectations of customers, covering all parts of the organisation, including every person in the organisation, examining all costs which are elated to quality, particularly failure costs, getting things right first time, developing systems and procedures which support quality and improvement, developing a continuous process of improvement.4Using a process flow chart (similar to that shown in Appendix 2) would help to clearly identify what happens during the operations process and therefore show up the problem areas. Input-output analysis could be undertaken. Further analysis could be carried out using scatter diagrams, cause-effect diagrams and Pareto5 diagrams.The issue of the limited daily processing capacity could be improved with the purchase of ad ditional equipment. Additional quality checks should be introduced into the process in order to eliminate time wasting through re-sorting the product, and the down time of equipment. This could be done through benchmarking or other continuous improvement mechanisms. According to Deming the PDCA6 (plan, do, check, act) cycle should be used, alternatively business process re-engineering which has been very popular recently. That isthe fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in the critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed.7Although this has been criticised as being the latest fad, as well as being an excuse for removing personnel and it could ultimately result in the loss of internal experience from the Factory.Additional preventative maintenance should be scheduled which would help settlement part of the issue of the unplanned downtime. The employment of an additional maintenan ce person would also speed up the process.The issue of bespoke packaging of the product for the customer should be debated within 2the management team. If uniform packaging is introduced, this could result in a reduction in costs. However this needs to be 3carefully weighed up against the customer needs and ultimately deciding not to purchase from the Factory. A customer quality survey could be conducted in order to ascertain the possible effect of this suggestion.The supply chain is also a critical area for the Factory to keep tight control on. According to Waller8The supply chain is a labyrinthine network of suppliers, manufacturers and distributors whose ultimate objective is to provide goods and services to the client in a timely manner. The reliability of this supply chain depends on all the heap in the network, plus the reliability of all the equipment employed including transportation vehicles, sophisticated machines and computer based information systems.The use of contrac tors is a major issue that needs to be addressed. Formal contracts should be drawn up setting out the conditions of the relationship (if it has not already been done) with penalties for missing certain key targets being made. thoughtfulness should be given to the Factory acquiring its own transportation, storage and packaging facilities.By focusing on the JIT (just-in-time) approach within the operation, it may further improve and simplify matters, as, according to Slack et al9JIT is a disciplined approach to improving overall productivity and eliminating waste. It provides for the cost effective production and delivery of only the necessary quantity of parts at the right quality, at the right time and place, while using a minimum amount of facilities, equipment, materials and human resources. JIT is dependent on the balance between the suppliers flexibility and the users flexibility.The need to keep a close eye on inventory is essential for the Factory, and to keep it as low as po ssible, thereby freeing up essential funds for other areas of the business.The Factory needs to address all of these issues as a matter of urgency. Some of the recommendations identified here would involve capital investment. Therefore, further analysis would need to be undertaken once the necessary financial information is available, in order to present a robust business case to the parent company. The Factory needs tosecure essential increases in productivity (which) requires the combined efforts of all functions. The increased use of technology has resulted in maintenance making a major contribution to the effective efforts in most business10)In addition to the problem areas identified above, there are other areas that could be improved in the future, and these are mentioned in the following section.6.Further RecommendationsPurchasing is an area that is significant to the business, as Slack et al11)suggestspurchasing at the right time and in the right quantity can impact on the o perations performance in terms of delivery, speed, delivery reliability and flexibility.A separate review of the purchasing process and department should be initiated at some stage.Undertaking a financial review may also identify further improvements or reductions within the business (environmental, taxes, transportation and fuel costs). Using forecasting tools such as qualitative and quantitative methods to more accurately predict risks, time horizons, and economic indicators could also identify further areas to improve.Other problem areas that may be addressed include the environmental influences on the Factory. It should be possible to produce product all year using the poly-urethane tunnels that are seen in the countryside. The use of such tunnels would cast up the growing period and lifecycle and allow pea production to take place all year, without the peaks and troughs that are currently happening. Further, if the organisation wanted full control of its entire process, then p erhaps it should consider the acquisition of land to produce the product itself.Finally, in terms of the competition, we already know that one competitor is privately owned. In order to achieve transformational growth, rather than organic growth and consequently achieve many of the objectives identified above, the organisation should acquire this competitor. There would, of course, be issues with the merger of another(prenominal) organisation into its current business, but the increase in market share, the ability to produce more products and the access to additional equipment that this would bring, would seem to be an obvious answer to many of the problems. A thorough business case would have to be submitted to the parent company to qualify and quantify this proposal.7.ConclusionThe operations strategy of the Factory is aimed at producing quality goods, on time and to their customers exacting requirements. This is achieved at the Factory, but at what cost? A thorough review of the Factory has revealed a number of areas that can be improved.Areas such as by identifying the process through the use of flow charts, then any weaknesses can be readily identified. The three quality checks that are currently undertaken is insufficient to prevent quality issues occurring, therefore additional checks should be implemented. Computerising the operations process would eliminate communication problems and speed up the process together with reducing costs.Focusing on JIT and TQM would enhance the process further. Not forgetting staff morale. Their input is critical in ensuring the process runs smoothly, whether it is the manual or computerised method. Including reward schemes and introducing empowerment is a means of involving the staff in the process and in achieving the goals and objectives of the organisation.If the parent company is willing to invest further, then transformational growth can be achieved by acquiring a competitor, land, a haulage company and by producing its own packaging. In order for the parent company to consider this, a business case would need to be produced, justifying the recommendation.The Factory has a great number of strengths, not least of which is its location, quality product and specialist knowledge, however, by addressing its operational weaknesses and threats, it is possible to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and to continue to achieve its operational strategy, goals and objectives.8.BibliographyCheng TCE, Podolsky S (1993) Just in Time Manufacturing, Chapman mansion house (Pages 21 175)Fitzsimmons JA, Sullivan RS (1982) Service Operations circumspection McGraw Hill (Pages 7 25)Hill, Terry. (2002) Operations Management Strategic Context and Analysis, Basingstoke Palgrave (pages 184-547)Johnston, R. Clark, G. (2001) Service Operations Management, Harlow FT/Prentice abode (pages 25 73)Johnston R, Chambers S, Harland C, Hanson A, Slack N (1997) Cases in Operations Management Financial Times, Pitman P ublishing 2nd Ed (Pages 5 503)Lowson, R. (2002) Strategic Operations Management The New Competitive Advantage London, Routledge (Pages 5 158)Muhlemann, A. Oakland, J Lockyer, K. (1992) Production and Operations Management, 6th Ed, Harlow FT/Prentice Hall (Pages 63-150)Slack, N. Chambers, S. Johnston, R. (2004) Operations Management, Ed 4, Harlow, Pearson fosterage (pages 5 798)Sutherland, J. Canwell, D. (2004) Key Concepts in Operations Management, Basingstoke Palgrave (Pages 19 117)Taylor, D. Brunt, D. (2001) Manufacturing Operations and Supply Chain Management, London Thomson Learning (Pages 5 37)Waller, D.L. (2003), Operations Management a supply chain approach, London, Thomson Learning (pages 88 595)Wild, R (2002) Operations Management, London Continuum (Pages 17 187)www.cips.orgemailprotectedAppendicesAppendix 1 SWOT AnalysisAppendix 2 Flow graph of the Factory Pea Production Process1Slack N, Chambers S, Johnston R (2004) Operations Management Ed 4, Harlow Pearson Education p77Michael Porter from Lowson R (2002) Strategic Operations Management The New Competitive Advantage, London, Routledge, page 2944,5, 6, 7 From Slack et al p695-696567238 Deming from Wild, Operations Management p 6369 Slack et al p548110 Hill T, (2002) operations Management Strategic Context and Analysis, Basingstoke, Palgrave p184111 Slack et al p478

Investigative Tools and Equipment for Crime Scenes

Investigative Tools and Equipment for Crime ScenesHomicides are punishable criminal acts that involve the killing of an individual by a nonher somebody. Homicide cases piece of tail be either wise to(p) or unintentional. Voluntary homicides are premeditated with the intent to kill such as murders, whilst unintentional homicides occur by mistake or negligence as in cases of fatal traffic accidents. However, these are tackled using the same investigative approach which comprises in using the correct apparatus and techniques to collect curtilage from the aversion panorama, in filing of report cards, in conducting searches, in interviewing witnesses and in interrogating comicals in sanctify to arrest, prosecute and punish the offender.Investigative tools and equipmentTo help the investigator in collecting altogether available evidence, a keep down of apparatus that is necessary to stop all in all proof intact and clean are brought on the shame thought. Universal Precauti ons such as a disinfectant and disposable gloves, jumpsuits, hair covers, shoe covers, purification masks, and face shields are important to help the investigator in safely mournful the environment without tampering evidence and leaving fingerprints. An investigative notebook and stationary such as pens, markers, and pencils are similarly needed for writing run through scene notes. Time reading is very important during the collecting of data such as time of arrival so a wristwatch would be ideal. formalized identification of the investigator is also necessary since not everyone is allowed within a crime scene enclosed by crime scene tapes and barrier rain cats and dogs (Reno, Marcus, Robinson, Brennan, Travis, 1999).Body bags are brought to the scene to remove the eubstance of the deceased safely from site and ID tags along with evidence seals are attached beforehand removal from site. Cameras are needed to provide visual evidence for later study and measurement instruments such as tape and rulers are needed to record specific lengths or distances. Special containers such as specimen containers are needed to carry and preserve blood, general fluids, and other evidence items to the laboratory. Medical equipment kits are useful for assemblage evidence that are complicated to obtain such as scissors to cut clothing samples or cotton-tipped swabs for picking out fluid samples. A take out evidence kit, a first aid kit, a latent print kit, a gunshot residue kit, a blood political campaign kit, a thermometer, local maps, a pair of boots, portable lighting, and reflective vests, are some other important tools for the investigator. Finally, some basic hand tools such as screwdrivers, hammers, shovels, paintbrushes, and bolt cutters chamberpot help investigators to access areas thoroughly (Reno et al., 1999).The Investigation ProcessAnalysing the crime sceneThe first responder to arrive at the crime scene is usually a police officer and is in charge of the preliminary investigating. S/he has the responsibility of checking whether the suspect is still armed at the crime scene or in the surrounding area. The first responder moldiness render medical assistance to some(prenominal) injured psyches and be prepared to write down notes in case of any dying declarations. In case of the latter, the police officer must ask the right questions (such as built, race, hair and eye colour, clothing ect) to deliver to restore who the culprit is. Afterwards when the knackered torso is located, death must be confirmed. Thus, the victims pulse, respiration, and reflexes must be checked. Any witnesses should be identified and asked for personal detail such as name, address, and mobile/telephone numbers so that they may be contacted later for investigative purposes. It is important that witnesses be separated in order to empty discussion of the event of crime and thus, contamination of individual accounts of events (Truro Police Department, 2004). The next vital step is to note all weather and environmental conditions, and to cling to the crime scene and the evidence found in it until the investigation team arrives on site. This is done by isolating the crime scene from unauthorised persons and by verifying that no evidence is touched prior to the investigation teams arrival on site. The first responder should also collapse physiological boundaries, park vehicles unwaveringly and safely, remove any animals from site, and control traffic. Scene safety is important for all the people involved in the investigation therefore such environmental and physical threats that move buoy cause injury must be removed prior to the crime scene investigation. However, this should be done without damaging and contaminating the integrity of the scene and the evidence. In addition, it is important that the first responder keep a record of all the people that visit the scene, and only allow persons who are needed in the investigation (Reno e t al., 1999).Once the investigation team arrives on site, the first responder must report the details to them as accurately and fully as possible. from each one member of the investigation team is assigned a specific task to make sure that all the area is covered satisfactoryly and to save time. A scene walkthrough should also be established so that entry and exits paths, physical and weak evidence, and the deceased are identifiable. Depending on the number of investigators, a spiral, grid, linear, or quarter-circle pattern should be walked so that no area is left unsearched and hole of evidence should be marked, photographed. and sketched. This is also essential to avoid alteration and contamination of fragile evidence that includes blood, organic structure fluids (froths, substances from orifices ect), hair, fibres, and fragile evidence that is easily contaminated, lost, or modified. It is important that photographs and sketches indicate the location and patterns of all evide nce that is to be cool, preserved, transported, and documented so that it can be admissible in court (Reno et al., 1999).An accurate rough sketch of the crime scene containing the case number, location, and case name, can serve as a map to indicate the rank and location of the body and any other evidence. All objects should be tied-measured according to stationary landmarks and measurements of the scene taken. A North reading is always appropriate to help understand the general layout of the sketch. If possible, a scale should be included to help calculate distances and sizes of objects. If the crimes scene is indoors, apertures and furniture should be included, whilst if the crime scene is outdoors, trees, fences, vehicles, or any other structures are to be sketched. Afterwards a finalised and accurate version of the sketch is to be drawn so that it can be awarded in court. This can also be drawn using computer design software (Bertino, n.d.).Photographic scene documentation hel ps in providing minute and permanent images of the scene that can be utilise to recreate the crime and when in doubt about certain details in the report, witness statements, and position of evidence. It is important to include a wide-angle view of the crime scene in order to make the location identifiable. Photographs should be provided with scales and taken at disparate angles to provide different views of areas. Triangulation of stationary objects should also be included in the photos as reference points. This will also help to uncover any redundant evidence that is not noticed by the naked eye (Reno et al., 1999).In addition, photographs with and without measurements, of the initial position of the body, the face of the deceased, objects removed, and the terrain beneath the body should be taken. This is essential to keep record of the position, appearance, clothing, identity, marks and scars, injuries, and final movements of the victim. A detailed record of the evidence such as weapons, cartridge cases, footprints ect, and any necessary measurements along with its relationship to the body should be taken. Volume, patterns, spatters, and other characteristics of blood and body fluids should also be recorded. This also applies for any odours, lights, temperatures, and other fragile evidence. It is important to note that whilst performing these tasks the condition of the body and evidence should never be moderated. Fingerprints, dental, radiographic, and DNA comparisons personal belongings photos of tattoos and physical characteristics can all aid in the investigation as these can black market to relatives if identification of the body is made (Reno et al., 1999).The cause, manner, and time of death can all be determined from post mortem changes such as state of livor mortis and rigor mortis, academic degree of decomposition, insect and animal bites, and the difference between the temperature of the body and the environment. Documenting such details can help the investigator realise when the witness statements are corroborated and when the body of the shortly was transported from a primary location. When the location of death is different from the place where the body is found, it is important for the investigation team to find such a place. Determining the location of death is important to discover how the body was transported to the secondary scene. This can be found by searching on the body and clothes of the deceased and for any drag marks and post-injury marks (Reno et al., 1999).A record of the details of the person/s who discovered the body the details of where, when and how the discovery was made and the details of what was on the button was discovered is also necessary for the subsequent investigation and judicial processes. Documenting pre-terminal medical and mental records, and possible incidents and symptoms prior to death and obtaining the relevant ante mortem specimens is essential to determine the deceaseds condit ion before death. These also help in distinguishing between medical treatment/disease and trauma/injury, and thus determine the cause and manner of death. Marital, family, sexual, educational, date and financial information, as swell up as any routines, habits, friends and associates of the dead all help to develop a profile of the deceased that will aid in establishing the cause and manner of death (Reno et al., 1999).Furthermore, the investigation team is also in charge of making sure that the body is protected from further trauma and/or contamination that all belongings and clothing of the dead victim are properly inventoried, that all evidence items are identified that all blood and/or vitreous samples are collected that the body in the body bag is correctly identified and removed from the scene and that all of these are securely transported to the adequate laboratories and examining agencies. It is also the investigation teams responsibility to notify all next of kin about th e death of their relative and to record this (Reno et al., 1999).Documenting and arranging for the secure transportation of body from the scene for autopsy or storage, maintains jurisdiction and chain of custody over the body by the investigation team. In fact, jurisdiction is only released when the body is given over to the funeral director. The next step is to perform exit procedures to make sure that all evidence has been collected, that no materials used in the investigation were left behind and that all dangerous items were reported. Finally, the family should be informed of any autopsy and support services, and be given a timetable of events such as that of the time of body release and when the test results will be available (Reno et al., 1999).EvidenceEvidence can be either direct such as first hand observations of eyewitness testimonies and confessions or circumstantial. Circumstantial evidence is indirect evidence that may prove a link between the crime scene and the suspe ct. The latter can be carve up into physical (fibres, weapons, bullets, shoe prints, blood) and biological evidence (body fluids, hair, plant parts, fingerprints and natural fibres). Biological evidence or individual evidence is umteen times preferred since this is plausibly to lead to a specific person, unlike physical evidence or class evidence that leads to a specific group of individuals (Bertino, n.d.).After the evidence is collected from the crime scene, it is usually sent to forensic laboratories to be examined more closely. Test results are important for reconstructing the crime-scene, this means creating a hypothesis to explain the sequence of events from before the commission of the crime to its commission. The investigator should then determine how the evidence fits into the crime and compare it to witnesses statements. Evidence analysis is essential to determine the reliability of such witnesses, to learn suspects, to release any imprisoned innocents, and to verify i f the crime scene has been staged (Bertino, n.d.).Evidence such as fingerprints and biological samples from a crime scene can aid in the investigation especially if such biological information is loaded into a database. In this case, links between the new record and a pre-existing record can be established, thus ameliorating detection rates. Such information can then be used to arrest suspects and as evidence in court (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2007).AutopsyIn cases where the cause and circumstances of death cannot be verified by the investigator or a doctor, the Magistrate in charge of the case may order an autopsy to be performed on the body by a forensic pathologist. An autopsy allows the examination of the dead person both from the outside and inside. This is done to examine any structural alterations, injuries, toxicological substances, and any other biological material such as blood, saliva, semen, and water system to find out the identity of the person and the cause, tim e and circumstances of death (Chapter 8, n.d.).SearchesSometimes in the investigation of a crime, searches in buildings, vehicles, and other locations as well as on persons must be conducted in order to look for and seize suspicious evidence. Such searches should always be conducted after the issue of a warrant from a Magistrate (Criminal Code Chapter 9, Articles 355E, and 355L (2)).InterviewsWitness interviews can be a good source of information for the investigation. Witness interviews should not interfere with human rights. In order to get as much information out of the witnesses as possible, the investigator should interview the witnesses as close to the event as possible to avoid the forgetting of certain details. It is better to create a favourable atmosphere to conduct the interview in order to make the witness as comfortable as possible. Calming down excited and upset persons and conducting the interview in a private and quiet area is also beneficial. During the interview, t he investigator must write down notes unless scene recording the whole conversation. Although spoken words are important, the investigator must also understand and record any body movements, emotional outbursts, and/or any sudden silence, as these can mean that further probing or clarification is needed on specific topics (Truro Police Department, 2004).Since witnesses can daily round out to be the culprits, investigators must be careful not to reveal important case information. Furthermore, it is also important not to ask close-ended questions so that the person is encouraged to open up to the interviewer. In fact when faced with a shy or reluctant witness, the investigator should try to persuade the individual to be truthful and to appear in court. Putting words in the mouth of the witness by asking leading questions and interrupting the witness constantly during the interview is also wrong since this could result in the witness narrating what the interrogator said rather than h is/her account of events (New Mexico Survivors of Homicide, Inc. Official website of the San Jose Police Department).InterrogationsPrior to the interrogation, Miranda warnings must be given to the suspect in an unhurried manner and in a way that s/he fully understands his/her constitutional rights. When an advocate is requested by the suspect, the interrogator must wait for such a person to arrive before initiating the interrogation. In cases of language barriers, underage persons, mental infirmity, influence of drugs or alcohol, wounds, and shock, waivers of Miranda warnings may be contain (Truro Police Department, 2004).The interrogation of a suspect may be the only chance for the investigator to obtain an admission or confession. Thus, the investigator must establish a good rapport with the suspect regardless of the type of crime committed and the lack of remorse shown by the suspect. This means that no type of coercion, sound behaviour or bribes shall be used to obtain a confe ssion (Official website of the San Jose Police Department).If the interrogator is lucky, s/he will get a intended confession that can be attained either in response to a question or by the free will of the suspect. In this case, the suspect should not be interrupted. On the other hand, if this is not the case, the interrogator should be tactful, patient, and reassuring whilst asking the questions. Furthermore, just like in witnesses interviews the interrogation is best conducted in a quiet and private room. Questions should be in simple and plain language, and asked consecutively without the use of sarcasm, interruptions, or suggestions of answers. A written record or video recording of all interrogations must be kept in all cases and must include the time and place of the interrogation and the names of the people present in the interrogation room (Truro Police Department, 2004).ReportsIn all stages of the investigation, the investigation team must keep a detailed report of each f ulfill undertaken in the course of the criminal investigation. All facts of the case must be reported since an investigation is only complete when it is accurately reported (New Mexico Survivors of Homicide, Inc.). An accurate report is important because without it, it is impossible to have a strong case against the suspect. All written records must include the name and identification number of the person pickings action the place, date and time of the action details of the persons present the case number and the name of the suspect (Chapter 8, n.d.).The report must include a heavyset of facts in narrative form (so that the reader can see a clear picture of the event before reading the whole report) a list of evidence listed according to size and using consecutive numbers for separate items (include what, where, and from whom the item was seized, where it is being stored, and any other specifications such as if the item was used for testing and by whom) any processes that have to d o with the investigation such as lab testing and search warrants a list of witnesses, their testimony and radio link with the case copies of preliminary and follow-up investigation reports statements of victims and perpetrators background of deceased and defendants examination results photos and status reports. However, the report should not include opinions of the writer and any other inapplicable material (New Mexico Survivors of Homicide, Inc.).Follow-up investigationsSometimes the initial investigation is not enough to close the case and as a result, follow-up investigations need to be conducted. This is many times done after the case report is reviewed and the investigator realises that additional evidence is needed. A follow-up investigation may include additional interviews and interrogations reviews of previous(prenominal) case records, analysing laboratory test results obtaining information from informants conducting other crime scene searches checking criminal records f or potential culprits identifying and capturing suspects and assisting in court criminal prosecutions (Truro Police Department, 2004).ArrestsIn cases where there is decent evidence that lead to one or more persons as being the perpetrators of the crime, the police have the right to arrest such person/s if in possession of an arrest warrant from the inquiring Magistrate. Arrests can be conducted inside or outside of a police station. However, if the arrest is performed outside the police station, the arrested should be taken to the nearest station and the inspector in charge must be informed (Criminal Code Chapter 9, Articles 355v, 355AE).Court processesOnce the arrests are made and the investigation is complete, the investigator can present the case to the courts. If the evidence presented is sufficient and well organised to prove the guilt of a suspect beyond reasonable doubt, charges against the person are filed so that s/he will appear in court in front of a jury. On the other h and, if the evidence is not admissible in court, the case is rejected and dismissed. Therefore, it is in the hands of the investigator to compile a good casebook that will result in the prosecution and punishment of the culprit. After all this is the aim of an investigation to collect enough evidence, to identify and arrest the culprit, and to assist in the successful prosecution of the offender in a court of law (Official website of the San Jose Police Department).References(December 2012). New Mexico Survivors of Homicide, Inc. On-line. Retrieved from http//www.nmsoh.org/homicide_investigator_checklist.htm(December 2012). Official website of the San Jose Police Department On-line. Retrieved from http//www.sjpd.org/BOI/homicide/glimpse.html(n.d.). Chapter 8 Investigation of a criminal offense. Retrieved from http//www.usip.org/files/MC2/MC2-11-Ch8.pdfBertino. (n.d.). Chapter 2 Crime-Scene investigation and evidence collection. Retrieved from http//www.cengagesites.com/academic/asse ts/sites/4827/bertino_chapter2.pdfCriminal Code. Chapter 9. Articles 355E, 355L (2), 355V, 355AE.Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2007). Chapter 4 Criminal investigation. In The forensic use of bioinformation ethical issues (pp. 37-61). London.Reno, J., Marcus, D., Robinson, L., Brennan, N., Travis, J. (1999). Death Investigation A guide for the scene investigator. working capital DC U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.Truro Police Department. (2004). Criminal investigation. Retrieved from http//www.truropolice.org/On%20Line%20Manuals/Criminal%20Investigations.pdf

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Impact of Fate :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus The King and His Fate Oedipus The King, by Sophocles, is a play about how Oedipus lives up his requisite that he will kill his father and marry his mother, both of which are extremely bad in the Greek society, even though he thinks he is getting away from it. Despite the Greek notions of supreme power of the gods and fate, Oedipus downfall is primarily the result of King Laius and his own actions and attempts to defy the gods, consequently Sophocles says that prophecies from the gods of someones fate should not be ignored. Prophecies from the visionary of Delphi are told to King Laius and Queen Jocasta, and to Oedipus. Sophocles says that prophecies from the gods of someones fate should not be ignored when King Laius went to the Oracle of Delphi and received a prophecy that his child, Oedipus, was exit to kill him and marry his wife, Jacosta. Shepherd - No No I said it before--I gave him the child...It was the son of Laius, so I was told. But the lady inside, your wife, she is the one to tell you. Oedipus - Did she bestow it to you? Shepherd - Yes, my lord, she did...To destroy it...She was afraid of dreadful prophecies...The child would kill its parents, that was the story. Oedipus - Then why did you give it to this old man here? Shepherd - In disgrace master. I thought he would take it away to a remote country-- to the place he came from. If you are the man he says you are, you were born the most fatal of men. (86-89) When King Laius heard this prophecy and returned to Thebes to tell of this prophecy to his wife, they planned to kill their child, but neither had the guts to do it. They had a servant shepherd aim their child to Mt. Cithaeron to kill it, but the servant felt pity for the child and gave him to a fellow Shepherd from Corinth in hopes he could take it to a foreign country to take care of it. Sophocles says that prophecies from the gods of someones fate should not be ignored when he tells that when Oedipus was in the care o f his foster parents, Polybus and Merope, he took a journey to The Oracle of Delphi without them knowing.

Comparing three poems from different cultures :: English Literature

Comparing three poems from different culturesIntroductionThe three poems that I will be comparing are Presents from my auntsin Pakistan by Moniza Alvi, Half-caste by John Agard and IslandMan by Grace Nichols. All of these poets have mixed-race backgroundsand all of these poems are linked in with the difficulties arisingfrom having different cultural backgrounds.Story/themePresents from my aunts in Pakistan is reflective of Moniza Alvischildhood and her experiences of being from two different backgroundsglass circles, recall the story how the three of us sailed to England.She tells the reader about her experiences in Pakistan, the jauntfrom Pakistan to England and about being in England. This shows thatalthough she is confused about her background, she rememberseverything from both cultures.Half-Caste, however, is a very confrontational poem and John Agardaddresses the reader personally. Excuse meexplain yuselfyu mustinesscome back Agard addresses the reader personally and confronts themabout their opinions or beliefs of Half-caste people. He asks them totell him what they mean by the phrase half-caste, then gives variousscenarios about what they whitethorn mean which are incongruous. This putshis point across and makes people think about or change their beliefs.Conversely, Island Man is the story of a man that used to kick the bucket on anisland, possibly the Caribbean, and then moved to London. This poemdescribes his feelings as he wakes up for the first day back in LondonComes backto subdued North Circular Road This poem also shows that hewould much prefer to live on his emerald island than in London. Thisshows that the man has made a cognizant decision about which part ofhis background he prefers and which part of his life he would like tofulfil.Emotions expressedPresents from my aunts in Pakistan is a very sensitive poem and manyemotions are expressed throughout the poem. In the first stanza,Moniza Alvi expresses excitement as she lists all of the wond erfulthings that her aunts have sent her from Pakistan. In the secondstanza, she seems good deal heartened about everything and says, never beas lovely as those clothes. For the rest of the poem she seemsconfused about her background and indecisive about which backgroundshe prefers.Half-Caste, however, expresses a feeling of confrontation throughoutthe poem and it always seems as if John Agard wants the readers torespond to what he says but because of his hectoring tone the readerbelieves that they cannot.On the contrary, Island Man has a pessimistic feel to the poemthroughout. It seems as though the island man is constantly

Medieval Myths Essay -- essays research papers

Medieval MythsBy Norma Lorre GoodrichPublished by The Penguin Group, 19612.) The Types of stories found in this book are Medieval Stories. They contain Kings, Queens, and Knights, wars and battles, dragons, and beautiful maidens.3.) integrity of the myths that I enjoyed was the one ab pop Beowulf, from Scandinavian Mythology, entitled Beowulf And The Fiend Grendel. This story is about a Danish Kingdom that was ruled by a King, named Hrothgar. Hrothgar was a great King, admired by people everywhere. One day Hrothgar decided to build a hall to which no other was greater, and named this hall Heorot. Heorot was made of coin and fine jewels, and people from many kingdoms traveled to see it. Hrothgar and his Queen Wealhtheow would sit inside Heorot and give away gifts to the people that came to visit. The Noble Earls (Danish Warriors) would also sleep in the great hall at night. All was well until an Ogre named Grendel, a fiend from hell, and a Satan who ruled over the swamps, went in side Heorot and killed the earls while they slept. No one found them until morning and this happened many times afterward. Soon Heorot was seldom occupied, and no one came to visit, for everyone feared the ogre Grendel would devour them as he did the others. The news of Grendlel traveled to many kingdoms, and soon it reached the Geats from across the sea. King Hygelac, the king of the Geats, heard this news, and soon Beowulf heard it. Beowulf was the strongest, and boldest man in the Geat Kingdom. He was also the son of Ecgtheow, a great war hero. When he heard this news he was ready to help the Danes. At first Hygelac, and the wise eldermen didnt want Beowulf to go, beca rehearse they feared he wouldnt return, provided then yielded. Beowulf then chose 15 warriors, with the help of Hygelac and the wise eldermen, to go with him on his journey to defeat Grendel. Upon their arrival, the Geats were greeted by an earl of Hrothgar. The earl asked them who they were, why they were dressed for war, and if they knew the password, and then noticed Beowulf. He was in shock for he had never seen a warrior like this one, and was sure that he was a hero. When Beowulf explained who they were, and why they were there, the earl quickly asked them to follow him to Heorot Hall. When faced with the... ...ch about the foundation around him. He is in a way, very gullible, innocent, and will listen to whatever anyone tells him. For the main characters, I would cast Peredur, Kay, Owein, and King Arthur.The setting that I would use would be France instead of Wales, and I would have most of it take place e in the forest as it is in the original. It will start out in the spring and end in the fall, early winter.It would be more of a drama, because with it being in medieval times, there are a allot of people falling in love, and people dying. Another reason for it being a drama is because, Peredur is more on a quest to become a knight on Arthurs court, and he has to fight certain bat tles, making it more of a serious matter, rather than comedy.The thing that would be most embarrassing about making this a production is the women in his life. In each story Peredur falls in love with another, or promises her his love. It would be hard to induce to the facts if you had to cut out all these women in his life just because he has made the same promise to each one. It would be very easy to do as a TV series though, because they have their characters fall in love with different people all the time.

Aerospace Psychology :: essays research papers

Aerospace Psychology1. The complicated task of piloting an aircraft can be broken into two big categories. The first is keeping the aircraft flying. The second is arriving at a given destination. The second is always being completed by the first. Unlike a car, sm al iodine parenthesis in course can over great distances cause the aircraft to arrive hundreds of miles from the target destination. To successfully accomplish the task, safe arrival, the larger tasks can be sub-divided into one-third categories. The first is the Procedural Tasks. These are the maintenance task that must be accomplished every time in a certain way at a certain time, i.e. take off and arrive checklists. The next is Decision and Judgement Tasks. Problem solving is another way to look at it. The work party will react based on past experience to a given situation. The last is Communications and Resource Management. This is how the crew communicates with each other date problem solving, either poorly or w ell.2. The pilot uses visual cues such as rate of flow of texture outward from or convergence of analog linear features to visually fly the aircraft. Estimates of speed are derived from global optic flow (GOL). This is the rate that texture flows over the optical area. This can be effected by elevation, at higher elevations underestimation of true speed will occur. Approach path distortions occur when there is a slope before the landing strip or other visual features such as dwarfed trees. The human eye is not designed for conditions found in flight. Planes that are a shock course have no apparent movement to them. This takes the natural attraction to movement out of play. Because of the lack of visual stimulation the eye will centering only a few meters in front, so distant objects are unfocused. The scanning of instruments provides a source of input that allows the pilot to visualize the position of aircraft in flight. The novice pilot will scan all the instruments in a given p attern. While the experienced pilot will look at all the instrument that will give them feedback on the action that occurred. Of the main instrument the most useful is the attitude direction indicator (ADI). This is the instrument most referred and the one that most novice pilot will get fixated with. It is also the only one that resembles an aircraft and provides information in a format other than an analog measure dial.

Scientific Knowledge - Whos Responsible for its Use? Essay -- Argumen

Scientific Knowledge - Whos Responsible for its Use?Society has become very dependent upon the technological advances of science. As a result, our expectations of scientists to continue to make our world better are extensive. Unfortunately, not all scientific discoveries and technological advances have resulted in improvements. In fact, environmental problems, such as air pollution and toxic waste, have resulted from the technological advances we use daily. Blaming the scientists who create the methods, concepts, and procedures that lead to negative circumstances is easy to do and done quite often. precisely should the scientists be the owners of this blame? How is this fair when their initial intentions for research were to improve, yet the findings and application result in harm? The problems of the general public, supposedly invoked by the scientists, lie in the hands of society. The miscommunications of the media, ignorance, and neglect for the environment, contribute to the mis application of scientific information. Lewis Thomas, a graduate of Harvard Medical School, defends the motive of scientists to pursue their research. Very often, scientists are charged with hubris, the overreaching hook that leads humans to start doing things reserved for the gods (Thomas, 236). Techniques, such as recombinant DNA and in vitro fertilization, are means by which society believes scientists have defied the intentions of Mother Nature. But should the scientist be responsible for the act of hubris when it is the lay people who exploit the scientific methods. The drive for research may be to truly make a positive end and make a lifesaving contribution to the world. Lewis Thomas contends that the drive for knowledge is due to... ...ources of information. Science will continue to evolve, as we humans have. Our responsibility, we who rent this earth for the term of our lives, to practice good judgement in the use of scientific information, so that we can keep this earth habitable for generations to come. Works Cited Bishop, Michael J. Enemies of Promise. In The Presence of Others Voices that prognosticate for Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press. 1997. Kelly, Kevin. Interview with the Luddite. In The Presence of Others Voices that knell For Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press. 1997. Thomas, Lewis. The Hazards of Science. In The Presence of Others Voices that Call For Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press. 1997.