Medieval Myths Essay -- essays research papers

Medieval MythsBy Norma Lorre GoodrichPublished by The Penguin Group, 19612.) The Types of stories found in this book are Medieval Stories. They contain Kings, Queens, and Knights, wars and battles, dragons, and beautiful maidens.3.) integrity of the myths that I enjoyed was the one ab pop Beowulf, from Scandinavian Mythology, entitled Beowulf And The Fiend Grendel. This story is about a Danish Kingdom that was ruled by a King, named Hrothgar. Hrothgar was a great King, admired by people everywhere. One day Hrothgar decided to build a hall to which no other was greater, and named this hall Heorot. Heorot was made of coin and fine jewels, and people from many kingdoms traveled to see it. Hrothgar and his Queen Wealhtheow would sit inside Heorot and give away gifts to the people that came to visit. The Noble Earls (Danish Warriors) would also sleep in the great hall at night. All was well until an Ogre named Grendel, a fiend from hell, and a Satan who ruled over the swamps, went in side Heorot and killed the earls while they slept. No one found them until morning and this happened many times afterward. Soon Heorot was seldom occupied, and no one came to visit, for everyone feared the ogre Grendel would devour them as he did the others. The news of Grendlel traveled to many kingdoms, and soon it reached the Geats from across the sea. King Hygelac, the king of the Geats, heard this news, and soon Beowulf heard it. Beowulf was the strongest, and boldest man in the Geat Kingdom. He was also the son of Ecgtheow, a great war hero. When he heard this news he was ready to help the Danes. At first Hygelac, and the wise eldermen didnt want Beowulf to go, beca rehearse they feared he wouldnt return, provided then yielded. Beowulf then chose 15 warriors, with the help of Hygelac and the wise eldermen, to go with him on his journey to defeat Grendel. Upon their arrival, the Geats were greeted by an earl of Hrothgar. The earl asked them who they were, why they were dressed for war, and if they knew the password, and then noticed Beowulf. He was in shock for he had never seen a warrior like this one, and was sure that he was a hero. When Beowulf explained who they were, and why they were there, the earl quickly asked them to follow him to Heorot Hall. When faced with the... ...ch about the foundation around him. He is in a way, very gullible, innocent, and will listen to whatever anyone tells him. For the main characters, I would cast Peredur, Kay, Owein, and King Arthur.The setting that I would use would be France instead of Wales, and I would have most of it take place e in the forest as it is in the original. It will start out in the spring and end in the fall, early winter.It would be more of a drama, because with it being in medieval times, there are a allot of people falling in love, and people dying. Another reason for it being a drama is because, Peredur is more on a quest to become a knight on Arthurs court, and he has to fight certain bat tles, making it more of a serious matter, rather than comedy.The thing that would be most embarrassing about making this a production is the women in his life. In each story Peredur falls in love with another, or promises her his love. It would be hard to induce to the facts if you had to cut out all these women in his life just because he has made the same promise to each one. It would be very easy to do as a TV series though, because they have their characters fall in love with different people all the time.

Aerospace Psychology :: essays research papers

Aerospace Psychology1. The complicated task of piloting an aircraft can be broken into two big categories. The first is keeping the aircraft flying. The second is arriving at a given destination. The second is always being completed by the first. Unlike a car, sm al iodine parenthesis in course can over great distances cause the aircraft to arrive hundreds of miles from the target destination. To successfully accomplish the task, safe arrival, the larger tasks can be sub-divided into one-third categories. The first is the Procedural Tasks. These are the maintenance task that must be accomplished every time in a certain way at a certain time, i.e. take off and arrive checklists. The next is Decision and Judgement Tasks. Problem solving is another way to look at it. The work party will react based on past experience to a given situation. The last is Communications and Resource Management. This is how the crew communicates with each other date problem solving, either poorly or w ell.2. The pilot uses visual cues such as rate of flow of texture outward from or convergence of analog linear features to visually fly the aircraft. Estimates of speed are derived from global optic flow (GOL). This is the rate that texture flows over the optical area. This can be effected by elevation, at higher elevations underestimation of true speed will occur. Approach path distortions occur when there is a slope before the landing strip or other visual features such as dwarfed trees. The human eye is not designed for conditions found in flight. Planes that are a shock course have no apparent movement to them. This takes the natural attraction to movement out of play. Because of the lack of visual stimulation the eye will centering only a few meters in front, so distant objects are unfocused. The scanning of instruments provides a source of input that allows the pilot to visualize the position of aircraft in flight. The novice pilot will scan all the instruments in a given p attern. While the experienced pilot will look at all the instrument that will give them feedback on the action that occurred. Of the main instrument the most useful is the attitude direction indicator (ADI). This is the instrument most referred and the one that most novice pilot will get fixated with. It is also the only one that resembles an aircraft and provides information in a format other than an analog measure dial.

Scientific Knowledge - Whos Responsible for its Use? Essay -- Argumen

Scientific Knowledge - Whos Responsible for its Use?Society has become very dependent upon the technological advances of science. As a result, our expectations of scientists to continue to make our world better are extensive. Unfortunately, not all scientific discoveries and technological advances have resulted in improvements. In fact, environmental problems, such as air pollution and toxic waste, have resulted from the technological advances we use daily. Blaming the scientists who create the methods, concepts, and procedures that lead to negative circumstances is easy to do and done quite often. precisely should the scientists be the owners of this blame? How is this fair when their initial intentions for research were to improve, yet the findings and application result in harm? The problems of the general public, supposedly invoked by the scientists, lie in the hands of society. The miscommunications of the media, ignorance, and neglect for the environment, contribute to the mis application of scientific information. Lewis Thomas, a graduate of Harvard Medical School, defends the motive of scientists to pursue their research. Very often, scientists are charged with hubris, the overreaching hook that leads humans to start doing things reserved for the gods (Thomas, 236). Techniques, such as recombinant DNA and in vitro fertilization, are means by which society believes scientists have defied the intentions of Mother Nature. But should the scientist be responsible for the act of hubris when it is the lay people who exploit the scientific methods. The drive for research may be to truly make a positive end and make a lifesaving contribution to the world. Lewis Thomas contends that the drive for knowledge is due to... ...ources of information. Science will continue to evolve, as we humans have. Our responsibility, we who rent this earth for the term of our lives, to practice good judgement in the use of scientific information, so that we can keep this earth habitable for generations to come. Works Cited Bishop, Michael J. Enemies of Promise. In The Presence of Others Voices that prognosticate for Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press. 1997. Kelly, Kevin. Interview with the Luddite. In The Presence of Others Voices that knell For Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press. 1997. Thomas, Lewis. The Hazards of Science. In The Presence of Others Voices that Call For Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press. 1997.

Epic of Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

The epic poetry, Beowulf, is one of the oldest European epics in existence. When Beowulf was written, the writer incorporated numerous of the ideals of the Anglo-Saxons. Some of these ideals included loyalty, bravery, selflessness, and justice and were demonstrated in the hero. Both the characters Beowulf and Grendel represent aspects of both good and evil, Christianity and Paganism, and what occurs when they collide with one another. A characteristic of an epic poem is the concern over struggles that humans face, which is presented in a serious manner. The hero often embodies the religious, subject area, and cultural values of his homeland and abroad. The premise of the story is quite straightforward the Danes were in distress because of the great monster Grendel, so Beowulf, a native of the Geats, sails to engage in battle with Grendel and become victorious in saving the plainly faithless Danes. Throughout the epic, there are many instances where examples of the thirteen epic conventions are used in the writing of Beowulf and in describing both the ideals of the Anglo-Saxons and the underlying challenges with earthborn problems, such as good versus evil. Beowulf, as an epic, can be demonstrated through examples in the writing of the story. Beowulf is often described as a national hero who embodies the ideals of his race or nation. He is referred to as, the strongest of the Geats, greater and stronger than anyone anywhere in the world, and is shown as displa...

Coffee Industry in the UK Essay -- Business Marketing Essays

Coffee Industry in the UKThe drinking chocolate berry industry has with child(p) rapidly since the 1990s before Starbucks emerged, people were used to drinking low quality coffee from tins. Starbucks introduced fresh coffee made from top quality beans that charter excellent taste and drinks such as the caffe latte and cappuccino, which agree helped to fuel the development of the coffee market into a multi million pound industry. The size of UK mark coffee chains have quadrupled from 1999 to 2004, with a current market turnover of over 1 billion. 2 Market ForecastsThe coffee market is forecast for keep maturement and expansion, without threat of saturation in the near future. In 2004 the coffee market was estimated at having around 2,299 outlet units and it 2006 it is predicted that the number of units go away have increase to an estimated 2,965, with the growth of the branded coffee sector predicted to increase by 11% between 2004 and 2006. Indeed, branded chain outlets have accounted for most of the coffee market growth according to forecasts by industry analysts Allegra Strategies. Allegra claims that although there are more independents than branded coffee chains, in 2005 and 2006 it is expected that more branded than independent chains will be opening. Indeed, some independents. such as Bewleys in London, have had to close down. 3 Macro - environment analysis of the market SocialThe coffee market must adapt to a change in consumer attitudes or else it may be threatened by health and lifestyle issues. In 2003 the alive drinks market declined by an estimated 2.3%. Consumers, especially young people, are becoming more health conscious which makes coffee a less attractive choice the change magnitude number of alternatives available such as health and energy drinks are becoming competitors in the coffee industry. Research carried out by Mintel shows that there is an increase diversification of tea, with a trend towards premium and herbal teas. The cof fee industry are responded to this change in attitude by provision of de-caf drinks, options such as soy milk, and alternative drinks such as freshly squeezed fruit juices, chai lattes and herbal teas.People are now working harder than ever before but have more leisure time they now use coffee shops to socialise. Allegra research claims that dwelling time in coffee shops has increased 44.9% of consumers stay... ...au then tic cost a coffee ewww.dandad.org/inspiration/ creativityworks/pdf/authentic.pdf UK coffee shop market statistics 14 Mar 2005, Caterer & Hotelkeeper magazine, http//www.caterer-online.com/archive/articledetail.asp?articleID=57531Nestle Caterer & Hotelkeeper magazine, http//www.caterer-online.com/archive/articledetail.asp?articleID=50580Branded coffee bars are squeezing independents http//www.thehospitalitysite.com.au/article/44/OcO2db44.asp2005 Allegra Strategies Ltd. No.1 Northumberland Av, Trafalgar Square. London, http//www.allegra.co.uk/project-cafe5-keyfindin gs.htmlOxfam to open coffee shops BB News May 2004Http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3708585.stmStarbucks advantage - More than just coffee ICFAI University Press http//www.icfaipress.org/304/AN-Starbuckway_72.asp The Coffee Market A Background Study Oxfam International Commodity Researchhttp//www.maketradefair.com/en/assets/english/BackgroundStudyCoffeeMarket.pdf .The province of Sustainable Coffee Executive Summary http//www.ico.org/libser/executive%20summary.pdf .Whitbread Briefing Book 2005 Volume 1 http//www.whitbread.co.uk/docs/Briefing_Book_2005_voll.pdf

Coffee Industry in the UK Essay -- Business Marketing Essays

Coffee Industry in the UKThe coffee berry industry has grown rapidly since the 1990s before Starbucks emerged, wad were used to drinking low quality coffee from tins. Starbucks introduced fresh coffee made from top quality beans that have excellent taste and drinks such as the caffe latte and cappuccino, which have helped to fuel the development of the coffee market into a multi million pound industry. The size of UK branded coffee chains have quadrupled from 1999 to 2004, with a current market turnover of over 1 billion. 2 Market ForecastsThe coffee market is forecast for continued growth and expansion, without threat of saturation in the near future. In 2004 the coffee market was estimated at having around 2,299 outlet units and it 2006 it is predicted that the number of units will have increased to an estimated 2,965, with the growth of the branded coffee orbit predicted to increase by 11% between 2004 and 2006. Indeed, branded chain outlets have accounted for most of the coffe e market growth according to forecasts by industry analysts Allegra Strategies. Allegra claims that although thither are more independents than branded coffee chains, in 2005 and 2006 it is expected that more branded than independent chains will be opening. Indeed, some independents. such as Bewleys in London, have had to close down. 3 Macro - environment analysis of the market SocialThe coffee market must adapt to a change in consumer attitudes or else it may be threatened by health and lifestyle issues. In 2003 the hot drinks market declined by an estimated 2.3%. Consumers, especially youth people, are becoming more health conscious which makes coffee a less attractive choice the increasing number of alternatives available such as health and energy drinks are becoming competitors in the coffee industry. Research carried out by Mintel shows that there is an increased diversification of tea, with a trend towards bounty and herbal teas. The coffee industry are responded to this cha nge in attitude by provision of de-caf drinks, options such as soy milk, and alternative drinks such as freshly squeezed fruit juices, chai lattes and herbal teas.People are outright working harder than ever before but have more leisure time they now use coffee shops to socialise. Allegra research claims that dwelling time in coffee shops has increased 44.9% of consumers stay... ...au then tic cost a coffee ewww.dandad.org/inspiration/ creativityworks/pdf/authentic.pdf UK coffee shop market statistics 14 Mar 2005, Caterer & Hotelkeeper magazine, http//www.caterer-online.com/archive/ conditiondetail.asp?articleID=57531Nestle Caterer & Hotelkeeper magazine, http//www.caterer-online.com/archive/articledetail.asp?articleID=50580Branded coffee bars are squeezing independents http//www.thehospitalitysite.com.au/article/44/OcO2db44.asp2005 Allegra Strategies Ltd. No.1 Northumberland Av, Trafalgar Square. London, http//www.allegra.co.uk/project-cafe5-keyfindings.htmlOxfam to open coffee s hops BB News May 2004Http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3708585.stmStarbucks success - More than just coffee ICFAI University pressing http//www.icfaipress.org/304/AN-Starbuckway_72.asp The Coffee Market A Background Study Oxfam International Commodity Researchhttp//www.maketradefair.com/en/assets/english/BackgroundStudyCoffeeMarket.pdf .The State of Sustainable Coffee Executive outline http//www.ico.org/libser/executive%20summary.pdf .Whitbread Briefing Book 2005 Volume 1 http//www.whitbread.co.uk/docs/Briefing_Book_2005_voll.pdf

The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 10

Before I could process this, Riley roargond out an animalistic shriek of rage. He was gross(a) down at the ashy remains on the floor, his eyes bulging in fury. Everyone stood silent, immobile. Wed al seen Riley lose his temper, hardly this was something different.Riley spun and raked his fingers through a blaring speaker, whence ripped it from the wal and hurled it across the room. Jen and Kristie dodged out of the stylus as it exploded into the far wal, s revokeing up a cloud of pulverized drywal dust. Riley smashed the sound system with his foot, and the muffled bass went silent. Then he leaped to where Raoul stood, and grabbed him by the throat.I wasnt even here Raoul yel ed, looking afraid Id never seen that before.Riley growled hideously and threw Raoul as hed thrown the speaker. Jen and Kristie jumped out of the way again. Raouls body crashed right through the wal, leaving an enormous hole. Riley caught Kevin by the shoulder and with a familiar screech ripped off his ri ght hand. Kevin cried out in infliction and tried to twist out of Rileys grip. Riley kicked him in the side. some other harsh shriek and Riley had the rest of Kevins arm. He tore the arm in half at the cubitus and threw the pieces hard into Kevins anguished face smack, smack, smack, like a hammer striking stone.What is wrong with you? Riley screamed at us. Why be you al so stupid? He made a grab for the blond Spider-Man kid, but that kid leaped out of his way. His jump left him too close to Fred, and he stumbled back toward Riley again, gagging.Do whatsoever of you throw a brain?Riley smacked a kid named Dean into the entertainment center, shattering it, then caught a nonher girl Sara and tore her left ear and a handful of hair from her head. She snarled in anguish.It became suddenly obvious that Riley was doing a very dangerous thing. There were a lot of us in here. already Raoul was back, with Kristie and Jen usual y his enemies flanking him defensively. A few others ba nded together in clusters around the room.I wasnt sure if Riley was aw be of the threat or if his rant came to an end natural y. He took a deep breath. He tossed Sara her ear and the hair. She recoiled away from him, licking the torn edge of her ear, coating it with venom so that it would reattach. There was no remedy for the hair, though Sara was going to have a bald spot.Listen to me Riley said, quiet but fierce. Al our lives depend on you listening to what Im understanding at a season and hypothecateingWe are al going to die. Every one of us, you and me, too, if you lavt act like you have brains for just a few short daysThis was vigor like his usual lectures and pleadings for control. He definitely had everyones attention.Its time for you to grow up and show responsibility for yourselves. Do you think you get to live like this for take over? That al the blood in Seattle doesnt have a price?The little clusters of vampires no longer seemed threatening. Everyone was wide-eye d, some exchanging mystified glances. I saw Freds head drama toward me in my peripheral vision, but I didnt meet his gaze. My attention was focused on two things Riley, just in case he started to attack again, and the ingress. The door that was stil closed.Are you listening now? Real y listening? Riley paused, but no one nodded. The room was very stil . Let me explain to you the precarious site we are al in. Il try to keep it simple for the slowest ones. Raoul, Kristie, come here.He motioned to the leaders of the two largest gangs, al ied for this brief moment against him. Neither of them go toward him. They braced themselves, Kristie baring her teeth. I expected Riley to soften, to apologize. To placate them and then persuade them to do what he indispensabilityed. But this was a different Riley.Fine, he snapped. Were going to learn leaders if were going to survive, but apparently neither of you is up to the task. I thought you had aptitude. I was wrong. Kevin, Jen, please joi n me as the heads of this team.Kevin looked up in surprise. He had just finished putting his arm back together. Though his expression was wary, it was also unmistakably flattered. He slowly got to his feet. Jen looked at Kristie as if checking for permission. Raoul landed estate his teeth together.The door at the top of the stairs did not open.Are you not able, either? Riley asked, irritated. Kevin took a step toward Riley, but then Raoul rushed him, jump across the long room in two low bounds. He shoved Kevin against the wal without a word and then stood by Rileys right shoulder.Riley permitted himself a tiny smile. The treatment wasnt subtle, but it was effective.Kristie or Jen, who wil lead us? Riley asked with a hint of amusement in his voice.Jen was stil time lag for a sign from Kristie as to what she should do. Kristie glowered at Jen for an instant, then flipped her sandlike hair out of her face and darted to stand on Rileys other side.That took too long to decide, Rile y said seriously. We dont have the luxury of time. We dont get to fool around anymore. Ive let you al do pretty much whatever you feel like, but that ends tonight.He looked around the room, meeting everyones eyes, making sure we were listening. I held his gaze for unless a second when it was my turn, and then my eyes flipped back to the door. I corrected instantly, but his glare had moved on. I wondered if hed noticed my slip. Or had he seen me at al, here beside Fred?We have an foeman, Riley announced. He let that sink in for a moment. I could tel the idea was shocking to several of the vampires in the basement. The enemy was Raoul or if you were with Raoul, the enemy was Kristie. The enemy was here, because the whole world was here. The thought that on that point were other forces out there strong enough to affect us was sweet for most. Would have been new to me, too, yesterday.A few of you might be smart enough to have caused that if we exist, so do other vampires. separat e vampires who are older, smarter more talented. Other vampires who want our bloodRaoul hissed, and then several of his fol owers echoed him in support.Thats right, Riley said, seeming intent on egging them on.Seattle was once theirs, but they moved on a long time ago. Now they sleep with about us, and they are jealous of the easy blood they used to have here. They know it belongs to us now, but they want to take it back. They are coming after what they want. One by one, theyl hunt us down Wel burn while they feastNever, Kristie growled. Some of hers and some of Raouls growled, too.We dont have a lot of choices, Riley told us. If we wait for them to show up here, they wil have the advantage. This is their turf, after al . And they dont want to face us head-on, because we outnumber them and we are stronger than they are. They want to catch us uncaring they want to take advantage of our biggest weakness. Are any of you smart enough to know what that is? He pointed at the ashes at hi s feet now smeared into the carpet and unrecognizable as a former vampire and waited.No one moved.Riley made a disgusted sound. Unity he shouted. We dont have it What kind of a threat can we pose when we wont stop kil ing each other? He kicked the dust, sending up a smal black cloud. bed you imagine them laughing at us? They think taking the city from us wil be easy. That were weak with stupidity That wel just hand them our blood. Half the vampires in the room snarled in protest now.Can you work together, or do we al die?We can take them, boss, Raoul growled.Riley scowled at him. Not if you cant control yourself Not if you cant cooperate with every single individual in this room. Anyone you take out his toe nudged the ashes again might be the one who could have kept you alive. Every one of your coven that you kil is like handing our enemies a gift. Here, youre saying, take me down Kristie and Raoul exchanged a glance as if they were seeing each other for the first time. Others did the same. The word coven was not unfamiliar, but none of us had apply it to our group before. We were a coven.Let me tel you about our enemies, Riley said, and al eyes locked on his face. They are a much older coven than we are. Theyve been around for hundreds of years, and theyve survived that long for a reason. They are crafty and they are skil ed and they are coming to retake Seattle with confidence because theyve heard the only ones theyl have to fight for it are a bunch of disorganized children who wil do half their work for themMore growls, but some were less angry than they were wary. A few of the quieter vampires, the ones Riley would have cal ed tamer, looked skittish.Riley noticed that, too. This is how they see us, but thats because they cant see us together. Together, we can crush them. If they could see al of us, side by side, fighting together, they would be terrified. And thats how theyre going to see us. Because were not going to wait for them to show up here and start picking us off. Were going to ambush them. In four days.Four days? I guessed our creator didnt want to cut it too close to the deadline. I looked at the closed door again. Where was Diego?Others reacted to the deadline with surprise, some with fear.Its the last thing theyl expect, Riley assured us. Al of us together waiting for them. And Ive saved the best part for last. There are only seven of them.There was an instant of incredulous silence.Then Raoul said, What?Kristie stared at Riley with the same disbelieving expression, and I heard muttered whispers around the room.Seven?Are you kidding me?Hey, Riley snapped. I wasnt joking when I said this coven is dangerous. They are wise and devious. Underhanded. We wil have power on our side they wil have deception. If we play it their way, they will win. But if we take it to them on our terms Riley didnt finish, he just smiled.Lets go now, Raoul urged. Lets get em out of the picture fast. Kevin growled enthusiastical y.Slow do wn, moron. Rushing into things ruse isnt going to help us win, Riley chided him.Tel us everything we need to know about them, Kristie encouraged, shooting Raoul a superior look.Riley hesitated, as if deciding how to word something. Al right, where to mystify? I guess the first thing you need to know is that you dont know everything there is to know about vampires yet. I didnt want to overwhelm you in the beginning.Another pause while everyone looked confused. You have a little bit of experience with what we cal talents. We have Fred.Everyone looked at Fred or rather they tried to. I could tel from Rileys expression that Fred did not like being singled out. It looked like Fred had real y turned up the volume on histalent, as Riley cal ed it. Riley cringed and looked away quickly. I stil didnt feel anything.Yes, wel, there are some vampires who have gifts beyond the usual super strength and super senses. Youve seen one aspect in our coven. He was careful not to say Freds name again . Gifts are rare one in fifty, maybe but every one is different. Theres a huge range of gifts out there, and some of them are more powerful than others.I could hear a lot of murmurs now as people wondered if they might be talented. Raoul was preening like hed already decided he was gifted. As far as I could tel, the only one around here that was in any way special was standing next to me. birth attention Riley commanded. Im not tel ing you this for entertainment.This enemy coven, Kristie interjected. Theyre talented. Right?Riley gave her an approving nod. Exactly. Im glad someone here can connect the dots.Raouls upper lip twitched back over his teeth.This coven is perilously talented, Riley went on, his voice dropping to a hushed whisper. They have a mind reader.He examined our faces, looking to see if we got the importance of this revelation. He didnt seem satisfied with his assessment.Think, guys Hel know everything in your head. If you attack, hel know what move youre going to make before you know it. You go left, hel be waiting.There was a nervous stil ness as everyone imagined this.This is why weve been so careful me, and the one who created you.Kristie flinched away from Riley when he mentioned her. Raoul looked angrier. Nerves strained universal y.You dont know her name, and you dont know what she looks like. This protects us al . If theyd stumbled across one of you alone, they wouldnt realize that you were connected to her, and they might have let you be. If they knew you were part of her coven, there would be no delay in your execution.

Liberal Reforms and its Impact on the Lives of the People

To what extent did the liberal reforms in 1906-1914 improve the lives of race? The Liberal presidency introduced a series of reforms aimed at moving away from the capitalistic ideology and toward a more self help scheme aiming to move people away from poverty and to make Britain a better country two in health and prosperity Churchill said If we see a drowning man we do non drag him to the shore, instead we provide help to allow him to overwhelm ashore. To do this the Liberals aimed at giving aid to the young, the old, the sick, the unemployed and the hightail iters these groups will be discussed through discover the essay.These reforms were later regarded as the foundations for the welfare state. Children were one of the most full of life groups for the government to help because they were unable to help themselves. They were in like manner the next generation of workers and soldiers and knowing that war was looming meant that the government were very eager to improve thei r health. In 1906 an make was passed called Provisions of Meals Act which meant local authorities were allowed to provide kick school meals for destitute children however this was not made compulsory until 1914 and so only a few councils took it on board right from the bring down.These renounce school meals were effective in two ways they were found to fuck off vastly improved childrens diet and growth and also improved the childrens concentration during school. Parliamentary papers quoted Children are unable by reason of lack of food to sign full advantage of their education this proves the point that children were so hungry they could not concentrate and benefit from a proper education.In 1907 the Administrative Provisions Act was passed which introduced free medical inspections in schools checking the childrens weight, height, eye sight and general health nevertheless it was not until 1912 that free medical treatment was provided before any illnesses were observed, but lit tle could be done by poor families who could not afford treatment also some parents believed it what their duty to look after their children and keep them whole a historian Pugh said much of the states activity in connection with children vaccination, medical inspection, school meals, arrangements for taking them into care was represented by parents as an incursion of their role. . Both of these acts did not improve the overall lives of the young in Britain and showed that not enough was truly being done to effectively make change and that the john of change was not enough.Arguably the most important of reforms for children was the Childrens Charter which was introduced in 1908. The general idea of it was to protect children from cruelty and corruption juvenile courts were set up, custody would occur in borstals, identity was protected, neglecting parents could be fined and age restrictions were placed on products such as alcohol and tobacco. The minimum age restrictions to pro ducts had limited success to start off with but it did make a difference. Overall, these acts together were believed to guarantee better lives for children. The senior were helped by being given an old age tribute. In 1908 the government salaried up to 5 shillings a week to people over 70.The pension slangd depended on income and was set on a sliding graduated table so those with the highest income received for the least (or none) in pension money. The idea of pensions was admirable but there were many unfair features of it when first introduced. Not all elderly British citizens could qualify for it those who had avoided work, had a criminal record, or were habitually drunk were excluded. Also, the fact that it was provided for the over 70s meant that not many people lived colossal enough to receive their pension and also those who did had not received it early enough as monetary aid since it would have been required many eld before it was provided.Finally, the pension given did not raise the elderly income above the poverty line Seebohm Rowntrees minimum income for comfortable survival was over 35 shillings a week, Taylor stated the government provided a meagre pension for the needy over the age of 70 which shows many people believed that the amount paid for the pension was not nearly enough to live on. Therefore, despite the idea and intensions being good they did not go far enough to improve the lives and ensure security measure for the elderly. The sick were another group the government attempt to help. A contributory scheme was introduced for workers in case of illness. At the time there was no free national health service and the poor usually could not afford medical help. The National Insurance Act of 1911 gave some medical benefits for the worker who, when working, had paid into the scheme which their employer and the government would then add too.One of the main causes of poverty was the sickness and subsequent absence from work so any amount of income during absence from work would benefit the worker and their family greatly. However there were many problems with the scheme. For a start the workers did not like the idea that 4 pence of their money every week would be taken from them despite the possibility they may not claim on their insurance and they may have need the 4 pence for their own survival at the time. Also, it was only the workers themselves who were able to claim from the insurance despite the difficulties another illness in the family may put upon the other family members.Thus, to be of greater use and to have been viewed in greater favour by many this scheme would need to cover a broader spectrum of difficulties within the family unit and appear more obviously good to the majority rather than just the worker. Unemployment was another important factor of society which the Liberal reforms attempted to tackle. They did this by introducing Labour Exchanges Act in 1909 where workers could find out where work could be found. Part of the National Insurance Act dealt with unemployment it was a contributory scheme like that from illness from both the worker and the government for which they would receive a payout when unable to find work. However, this payment only lasted for up to fifteen weeks so if they were unemployed any longer no help was given. The scheme also only applied to seven particular jobs.Churchill explained there are trades in which seasonal worker unemployment is not only high, but chronic marked by seasonal fluctuations. It was not designed to deal with long term unemployment and the labour exchanges act was slow and inefficient. The workers were helped by the government by introducing a Workmans wages Act in 1906 that covered 6 million workers who could claim compensation for disease or injury that was a result of poor working conditions. However, in many trades and industries the government failed to establish a minimum wage level or a limit to working hours therefore did little to improve the lives of people during this period of change.On the other hand there were many positive reforms passed to help this category. In 1908 miners secured an eight hour working day. In 1909 the Trade Borders Act tried to protect workers from the sweated industries by setting up trade boards to fix minimum wage in jobs where workers were liable to exploitation and where trade unions could not protect them. Finally, in 1911 a Shop Act limited working hours for shop assistants and guaranteed a half day when the shop is closed. The government did make changes to this group but did not solve all their problems. To conclude, it is certainly true to say that the Liberal reforms marked a change away from Laissez-faire to a more interventionist approach which meant that the government took some responsibility for the welfare of everyone in the country. It is wrong to say the Liberals created a welfare state . They did however mark a transition point between the old attit udes and the new attitudes towards poverty. The reforms did help to improve the lives of many people living in Britain during this time but did not solve all problems faced by the government and by the citizens of Britain poverty was not solved and many people becalm lived under the poverty line, housing was not improved and there was still no free health care and so until these issues were dealt with overcoming these major problems would be difficult to do.

Knowing and believing – religious knowledge

Its a changing world, the world of anachronism, the world to look at the future with new faith and where by and by every minute something or early(a) is added in our daily list. The same is true with Knowledge, which is eer changing with the motley in time and with the change in the communitys attitude and behavior patterns.The knowledge is not a new concept only has been taking the world by stride since centuries but the most important crust of the knowledge is its speed. In the style the technology is changing very fast, the whole concept of imparting and gaining knowledge is to a fault changing very fast. There has been a considerable shift from the traditional mode of imparting knowledge to the whole new range of knowledge of inventions and studies for the growth and everyplace whole development in every sphere of socio-economic, political, religious trends etc.From agricultural to industrial and from social to religious to bestow the knowledge, there are always exper ts and new range of knowledge expertise in the complexities of new technologies is taking place and in this bid of newness, our desire to know to a greater extent keep on increasing. There has also been complete change in the receptive capacity of the mess towards this knowledge basis expertise. For e.g.Challenge and resistance to dominant technologies, some get off modernists see these approaches and the knowledge renewal as more political and democratic whereas risk social theories focus upon the anxieties that are created through the plethora of information that people receive about possible dangers especially in relation to environmental degradation. This knowledge revolution has led to transformation of politics from the traditional political systems and strategies, which take on proved incapable of taking contemporary risks and dangers. (Thompson & Woodward _____122)The knowledge of experts in relation to religion has always captured and dominated the life of people since centuries. The religious minded people have always considered the religious discourse as a norm of the society and followed their traits but now comparatively less number of people are focusing their attention towards the religion and the religion tenets. The fence is simple the increase in trend towards the knowledge of materialistic world and the worldly pleasures since industrial revolution dug its deep roots in the soil.The pursuit of the scientific journey has superceded the sideline for religious knowledge, which Rubert Murdoch has amply explained in the Newsweek for 12th July 1999, Is divinity Dead? In the, Open the doors and where are the people, the study was conducted to amplify the trend of Roman Catholic Bastions in Italy and Ireland.Surveys in the United Kingdom brought out certain facts whereby 75 per cent of the people in Britain have faith in Super Natural powers, but according to the opinion polls, there has been downfall of the flavour in God from 45 per cent in 1947 to 37 percent in 1987. The Mass observation survey in 1947 showed that there had been a wide spread belief in God but not among Orthodox Christian lines. (Thompson & Woodward ________ 52)This amplifies that people are least inclined in attaining the religious knowledge. The most important reason being the explosion of the private bodies into the religion seance questions and defying the conventions of the traditional religious beliefs held by the people with utmost generosity and faith. The other most important commence is the popularity or secularization so profoundly spread by the leaders of the Modern age and basically of secular functions which were earlier performed by the welfare bodies standardised religious, education and state which were taken over by the state.(Thompson & Woodward _____ 44) Moreover, fun and leisure activities have profoundly replaced the organized form of religious activities. And the third reason is the change and shift of the religious thoug hts towards more research and thinking over science and other related field of studies. (Thompson & Woodward _______ 44)Karen Armstrong, in one of the conditions in the accompanying article to Fredrick Nietsche, says that since 1970s, religion has once again entered in the domain of the society in such a manner that was being considered as impossible. The Iranian revolution was a grand success in the Middle East and at the same time the moral majority and the right of the Christians captured the emotions and the mood of the people endeavored to bring patronise God in the public life whereas ultra orthodox Jews as well as Zionists have also strived to bring religion back in the lives of Isreali people. With this it is amply true that no Government can deny religion.The assassinations of Anwar Sidat in Egypt and of Yitzhat Rabin in Isreal are reminders of lethal danger of some forms of modern faith. (Thompson & Woodward _______ 44). Though this tale is a proven fact that it is the knowledge for religion that is gaining momentum in almost all over the world but when it comes to Science, the knowledge for religious quest takes a back seat.The simplest reason is that the religious knowledge is only based on faith and as said by Ken Thompson & Kate Woodward Truths Believed on the other hand the scientific knowledge is based on the investigations, discoveries and research. To reveal and prove the authenticity and belief in their respective domains, there was a public arguing in the nineteenth century. In the debate that followed in 1860 at Oxford, scientist T.H Huxley said that, I would rather be descended from an Ape than a bishop. (Thompson & Woodward _______ 45) But not all scientists disagreed with the evolution of God. Charles Darwin in his Origin of Species in 1859 has faith in the God but not in the religion. (Thompson & Woodward _______ 45)The diversities in the scientific world like in Natural Sciences, there is a common belief among many that Science ar e related to religion. For e.g. Teil Hard De Chardin, a Jesuit priest and Paleontologist, in mid-fifties integrated biological and spiritual evolution in a theory of cosmogenesis, which was the blend of science, theology and poetry. Social Scientists tried to take a middle racecourse emphasizing on the fact that without religious beliefs, there is no spiritual growth and satisfaction but they too defy the orthodox religious tenets accept in the religious thoughts and ideologies.Gender also plays the most important role in posing the question regarding the aspect whether the knowledge of experts in the religious tenets became more or less important in the contemporary society or not? People also tend to believe that Science has provided us with mixed answers to the questions but there is no answer as far as questions on morality and emotional aspects of our lives are concerned.This has been answered in the New Age beliefs in which large and large number of people are turning their faith towards spiritual powers like in alternative medicines and green issues to meditation and therapy as a form of ancient knowledge like Alchemy, astrology, myth, dream work, Earth mysteries, Fang Sui. (Thompson & Woodward ______62)Some believe that these new age beliefs are taking secular dimensions and have taken shape after the combination of scientific and pseudo scientific ideas and provides moral meaning to our lives, but the science and scientists have no answer to moral meaning. As a result, gap is always left between new age phenomenon on spirituality and scientific thoughts and knowledge.It is amply true that though Science is posing challenge to the religion and religious tenets yet the religious knowledge is still finding its place in this modernization and high technological world though the essence and the way of the religious teachings is changing with the change in time. Religious knowledge has been imparted to the public in totally several(predicate) way and in different form than the scientific knowledge.Religion is a revelatory knowledge whereas Science is an empirical proof and this makes religion more challenging while confronting this scientific knowledge. In the United Kingdom itself, the change in the form and status of religious knowledge has larnd uncertainties and different new opportunities. Women are defying the age-old religious conventions of patriarchal hierarchies to produce their own concept of spirituality.Then the muti-faith societies are opening new chapters to define their own religious thoughts and conceptions on spirituality. Over and above, the new age knowledge is also raising questions on established religious norms Gender and ethnicity are also shaping the religious thoughts and perspectives. (Thompson & Woodward ______ 72)The effects of these new approaches are being seen and felt everyplace and in every sphere of our lives. Whenever we are confronted with any issue to find out truth, we are embroiled with diff erent aspects towards the true knowledge. We have diverted from real realization towards feelings. In this sense, it is amply true that though importance is being given to the knowledge of experts in the contemporary world but the trend, form and way of thinking have changed.Reference ListSurname, Initial(s). Date. Title. Edition. Place of Publication PublisherThompson K. & Woodward K. ______ Knowing and Believing Religious Knowledge.

Prenatal Development Essay

Pregnancy occurs when an egg is fertilized by a sperm,and the egg grows inside a womans uterus withal called a womans womb, and will develop into a baby. In humans, this process takes about 264 days, but the obstetrician will date from the last menstrual achievement or 280 days which is 40 weeks. There are a number of things that must fall into place in the right order to suit pregnant and have a baby. The creation of a human being requires the right environment, the right timing, the right factors, and a great deal of luck.The term intra-uterine maternal quality is used to describe when a fertilized egg is implanted in the uterus and an fertilized egg grows. The length of time of a pregnancy is divided into three sections called trimesters or stages, which is about three months each. Each trimester has particular events and developmental markers. The first trimester or builds the foundation of the different organ systems. The first trimester or stage is the germinal period or th e zygotic period. It is the first two weeks of prenatal development. Near the end of the two weeks the single-celled a zygot, developes into a cluster of cells called the embryo.The second stage or trimester is called the embryonic period, which is week three through week eight. In the first month the embryo is usually 1/8th of an inch or . 275 cm long. I weighs about 3 grams. A yolk sac has already formed at this stage. Organs and major systems within the body of the embryo forms during this period. The embryos lifeline is the umbilical cord, which provide the embryo nourishment, oxygen, and water from the father. The umbilical cord also carries away waste. The placenta is also developed, protecting the embryo, by keeping the mothers blood from mingling with the developing embryo.It also protects the embryo by preventing harmful substances in the mothers blood from reaching the embryo, such as teratogens. Teratogens are harmful substances that chiffonier cause take in defects. B y three weeks the babys brain cells have started to form, creating a sheet of neural cells that curls and forms a neural tube lined with stem cells. At the top of the neural tube forms a bulge which later consists of the hind brain, mid brain, and fore brain. When the neural tube expands, it creates ventricals and the core of the brain.Ventricals that are filled with ceobraspinal fluid cushions the brain and also provides nutrients to the brain and spinal cord. In the second month, It is about an inch or 2. 5 cm long. It is 8. 7 grams heavy. The head, tail and the umbilical cord are formed and the sex glands are determined. The limbs, toes, fingers, the skeleton and bone cells have also been formed at this stage. A distinctively human appearance develops. Facial features, the main organ systems also take shape. By the end of the eighth week, the structures of the brain, heart, liver, limbs, ears, nose and eyes evolve.This is a most critical period of development. Harmful medication s, drugs and alcohol may disturb the processes of development and cause defects or snags in the embryo. The fetal period or trimester is the one-third month to actual make of the baby. At this stage the baby is called the foetus with distinctively human features. At the end of the third month the baby can move its arms, legs, mouth and head, although at this moment of time, the movements are uncoordinated and cannot be felt by the mother. The fetus is now one to three inches long and weighs nearly an ounce. The baby can also start using reflexive responses .During the fourth month the mother can feel quickening, which is the baby moving inside the uterus. At five months all brain cells of the baby for birth are developed. During this period the baby has sleep and wake cycles. In the sixth month the fetuss brain activity is similar to that of a newborn baby. The final two months the fetus usually doubles in weight. The fetus will usually make sense onabout three to four pounds of body fat. This additional body fat will help the newborn baby adjust to different temperatures outside the womb. The closer to birth, the fetuss growth slows and the actions of the body systems become more regular.At about forty weeks or 280 days, the fetus is ready to emerge in the world. At birth a babys brain is only one forth the size of an adults brain. The brain will weight at birth less than a pound. After a baby is born the neurons grow in size and continue to develop. A newborn enters the world with a depart of physical and sensory capabilities. In the beginning right at birth a babys behavior is mostly reflex moves that are to change his survival in the new world. In conclusion, a baby is a really precious and wonder gift that some women are blessed with. It is very mportant for a new expectant mother to understand the stages of pregnancy. A new mother should research and read all that she can read to gain fellowship of what is going to happen in the months to come. T he more knowledge a new mother has is very beneficial for her well being and also to interact with her doc about symptoms and problems if any arise.

Scholarly Article

Yaks Mason Scholarly Article Assignment In Crime, Guilt, and Subjectivity in enter Nor, Winfred Flock argues that Film Noir opens our eyes to the true state of American society 1 by not masking true human emotion in a situation where survival is not certain. He implies that it shows the adept struggle with desire and selfishness in a light that had not been shown before in American cinema and is the root of why Film Noir transcends time and stiff a popular genre.He adds that the popularity of genre is rooted partly due to the fact that it is the antithesis of the films mainstream Hollywood was putting out at the time the sunny and cheery tones were in stark contrast with Film Noirs dark and atmospheric2 overtones. I agree with Flock but would add that the success and everlasting nature of Film Noir is also due to the fact that it allows the viewer to personify with a protagonist that has faults and shortcomings just like themselves and hat the selfishness the protagonist exhumes i n times of scrutiny is relatable to the hearing in opposed to the typical morally perfect hero of the time.I would add that Film Noir paved the way for TV and Holly. Woods current obsession of providing a anti-hero who is morally flawed selfish in shows such as Breaking Bad, House of Cards, and movies such as Wolf of Wall Street. Overall, Film Noir remains popular and has a lasting appeal largely due to the depths and nuances of the main protagonist, as well as the difference teens the atmospheric tones against the cheery light-heartiness of conventional Holly. DOD. It is also necessary to determine how Film Noir paved the way for the medium and story telling as a whole for later generations.

Microbiology of Disease Chapter 1 Ppt

Organ Harvesting Research Paper We sire all heard about the stories and postulate seen the movies in which the protagonist wakes up in a tub covered in tons of frost and stitches in his side only to realize that he was a victim of electronic electronic organ theft. on that point squander been m any movies surrounding this horrid topic, and many people believe this concept is fictitious however these movies have partial truth to them. There argon many cases across the globe in which people have been given faulty variety meat, and cases in which doctors have been caught in the act of harvest-timeing variety meat from deceased patients, exactly all of these cases argon a result of one single issue.The violence surrounding global organ theft and trafficking is a direct result of lengthy periods of time for legal transplants, and the only way to prevent or completely resolve this issue is to brush up the waiting help for transplants. Aliaksei Yafimau, as are roughly people, was always looking for an opportunity to make near quick cash, and he found this by dint of what he thought was a profitable advertisement online that told that him he could receive a great deal of funds for one of his kidneys.At 30 years old, Yafimaus work was installing satellite television systems in Babrujsk, Belarus for meager wages. He saw this simple operation as a step towards getting out of pauperisation and within a short period of time he was transported to Quito, Ecuador where he was held against his will for over a month until surgeons could remove his kidney. He was held captive by Roini Shimshilashvili, an enforcer for of an international trafficking ring, who was an intimidating former kick-boxer.Read also Lab 2 BiologyYafimau pleaded with Shimshilashvili to let him back out of the deal and return to his home in Belarus however, he was denied and threatened. He was told that if he didnt go through with the operation, he would be left in Ecuador and his family wo uld be killed. Yafimaus left kidney was transplanted into an Israeli charwoman in July of 2010, and on the plane ride back to Belarus, Shimshilashvili told him that if he went to the police and informed them of the details surrounding his illegal operation, he would be killed.Yafimau was paid $10,000 for his kidney, but he says that it isnt worth the fear that he constantly lives with (Glovin, 2011). Dorin Razlog is one of the many poor people in Ghincauti, Moldova, and he earns a meager cave in working as a Shepard. He is in his 30s but only has an 8th grade education level which leaves him with very some ways to escape his current state of poverty. He was confronted by recruiters from organ trafficking ring who informed him that he could receive $10,000 for one of his kidneys and he went through with the harvesting operation believing that this was in his best interest.After the operation, he was paid $7,000 ($3,000 less than what they promised to pay him) and $2,500 of that wa s useless after realizing that he was paid with counterfeit bills. He was then told that if he spoke to anybody about the operation, they would destroy his house and kill his family. Looking back on his actions, Dorin regrets his decision because after all the money he received was gone, all he was left with was incredible pain and suffering from his operation (Glovin, 2011). Yafimau, and Dorin are just several of the many thousands of people that are victims of organ transplants every year.General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)Francis Delmonico, an adviser on issues regarding organ transplants to the World Health Organization, claims that approximately 5,000 people sell their organs to the black market every year. He accredits this to increased snatchs of people that require organ transplants in relation to the intended number of organs available, and as a result, organ trafficking is on the rise. Organ trafficking is illegal in every country except Iran, but it continues because the trafficking go target those who dwell in poverty-stricken countries and they use violence and deception to coarse people into undergoing these dangerous operations.The human body has two kidneys that filter toxins out of the blood system, and failure in both of these kidneys will result in a quick death unless hooked up to a dialysis machine or if the someone receives an organ transplant. The operations that these traffickers canalise are not only unprofessional but their victims are in great danger because if anything was to happen to their single kidney they would be facing almost sealed death. Delmonico believes that the people that are most at fault are the middle men who search for their future victims and organize the operations because these traffickers very much sell the rgans for fifteen to twenty times the amount that they pay the person who underwent the organ harvesting to the critically ill that are in dire need for these organs (Glovin, 2011). numero us of these ill people whom are despe calculately looking for organs often turn to trafficking rings. These people will pay up to $150,000 while the sellers only make up to $10,000, and this is how these trafficking rings continue to operate (Glovin, 2011). The people that are purchasing the organs are only fueling the issue as a result more and more people are illegally selling their organs.Read Chapter 8 Microbial GeneticsThe number of individuals that require transplants has greatly exceeded the number of organs available since the discovery of this new operation. 86,173 people were on the waiting list in the United States for organ transplants in July of 2004 and on average 17 patients die every day while awaiting an organ one person every 85 minutes. On average, 115 people are added to the nations organ transplant waiting list each day one every 13 minutes (Kishore, 2004). The number of individuals whom require organ transplants that do not survive long enough to undergo the o peration is staggering, and it has caused many professionals to ponder as to whether or not the current waiting list system is efficient. 6,251 individuals run out while on the waiting list as a result of their organ not being donated in time (Kishore, 2004). People are normally really emotionally moved upon examination of these statistics, however what people fail to realize is that the success rate of organ transplants in the United States is much greater than the success rate of other poorer countries.Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, the Netherlands, and Slovenia make up what is called the Eurotransplant Area and this area in even a worse state than that of the United States. The success rate in the United States for patients who receive a new organ is 92% while the success rate in the Eurotransplant Area is 24%, and this is most be identical a result of inferior medical equipment and surgical techniques (Kishore, 2004). People like to believe that criminals are transporti ng victims to abandoned warehouses and tying them down to tables and savagely extracting their organs, but this is often not the case.Most of these criminals are almost impossible to point out because they are often people that we are supposed to trust, such as our doctors, not some homeless person on the street. Bhagat Makkar, a British Doctor, was tried in court and charged with accounts of organ trafficking and was suspended from the medical register as a result. A journalist brought this situation to light after recording his conversation with Bhagat, posing as a son of a man who was in awful need of a kidney.Bhagat told the journalist that he could easily find a donor in the poorer cities of India and that he cleverness be able to find a donor in London (British MD & Organ Dealing, 2011). Three Ukrainian doctors, who are now suspected to have been part of a much larger organ trafficking ring, were also arrested after being found guilty of trafficking the organs of road accid ent victims in the Ukraine and transporting them via helicopter (Doctors Arrested, 2011). These doctors who are partaking in this illicit carriage are doing so for their own personal gain although in court they often claim that they were only trying to help those in need.Many of these doctors and clinical physicians harvest organs so that they are not put to waste, and this has brought up many moral and ethical arguments among the medical community. There have already been implications set in place, such as the organ donating system in which people agree to donate their organs after they have passed away, but this system alone is not providing enough organs to save the enormous number of people that are in need of operationsStrategies such as liberalization of the concept of idea stem death introduction of presumed consent routine harvesting required request mandated choice raising the donors upper age limit relaxation of restrictions imposed on donations among family members and allowing altruistic donations from strangers have not resolved the problem. Organ scarcity continues to prevail, leading to inequitable therapeutic dispensation escalating costs trade criminal offence and premature death (Kishore, 2004).There have been many cases in India as well as other countries that revolve around clinicians and clinical managers harvesting organs that have gone to court or that are still under investigation. Many people think that what these clinicians have done is extremely wrong, but they only did what others could not in order to save the lives of other people. These people that went against the law, but sacrifices must be made for the better of the whole. Millions of people are suffering, not because the organs are not available, but because morality does not allow them to have access to the organs (Kishore, 2004).If everybody followed in these so called criminals footsteps, this problem could possibly be resolved without any violence necessary. Why has it been deemed criminal to save the lives of those in need using the organs of those deceased? These organs from the deceased could be considered a natural holiday resort and should not be wasted, but many people find this proposition to be immoral. 55. 3 million people die each year, and if each person was required to donate their organs there would be more than enough organs to provide to those in need (Ross, 2011).This idea has a few flaws in regards to religious beliefs, and the fact that for some religions it is forbidden to donate organs. There will also probably be people that argue that this idea violates human rights. There will be groups of people that refuse to partake in this action, but if everybody else donates their organs after they are deceased for at least one generation, we would most likely have a surplus of organs and these could be frozen and saved for people in the future.Doctors are currently able to use ice baths and a cold preservative solution to keep a kid ney functional for 12-48 hours, but as technology advances doctors will hopefully be able to have-to doe with organs for longer periods of time (Ford-Martin). Most people wish to have their deceased buried or cremated and claim that they would not want the body to be tampered with, however does it really matter what state the body is in prior to burial? Funerals are often seen as more of a spiritual address than simply the burial of the deceased. Faith might be one possible method for how to hook people into the idea of donating their organs.The first step in this process would be to raise awareness, and this could be done through several styles of media such as television, fliers, billboards, and campaigns. The campaign could centralize around Jesus Christ and his ultimate sacrifice and how is saved so many people. The ad could have some info on the increasing need for organ donors and then read, What would Jesus do? It might cause people to not be so selfish and greedy. If that approach does not work, the campaign could try and scare the public into changing their ways.A good role model to follow would be the Above the Influence ads because of their successful impact on teenagers. These ads are made to scare teenagers into avoiding drugs by showing them the possibilities of how their bodies and lives could be destroyed. A commercialized could be made to scare people into donating their organs so that they dont have to constantly live in fear of being kidnapped and having their organs harvested and sold on the black market. These are a few simple ideas for changes that could be made to increase awareness about the increasing need for organ donors.The number of sick still waiting on the organ donor waiting list is steadily increasing, and if nothing is done to reverse this, more and more people will continue to die. What most people fail to realize is that these critically sick people are often paying members of global trafficking rings to hunt down an org an by any means for a hefty price. I hope that people will eventually realize that donating their organs to save somebody elses life would be an extremely caring act, and that it would be much appreciated. If that fails, we can then attempt to scare people and say, How would you like to have your organs harvested?This is a real possibility, but if everybody donates their organs there will be no business for these trafficking rings and they will eventually hand apart Help bring trafficking rings down and save lives Works Cited British MD guilty of organ dealing. Toronto Star (Canada)n. d. Newspaper Source. 4 Dec. 2011. tissue Doctors Arrested. Herald Sun (Melbourne) (n. d. ) Newspaper Source. 4 Dec. 2011. Web Ford-Martin, Paula A. Kidney Transplant Procedure, Recovery, Test, Blood, Pain, Complications, Adults, Time, Infection, Operation, Graft, Medication, Heart, Cells, Types, Risk, Children, Cancer. Encyclopedia of Surgery A Guide for Patients and Caregivers. 05 Dec. 2011. Web . Glovin. Organ Traffickers Force the Poor to deceive Kidneys. The Day. 2011. Print Ross, Stephan. Statistics Population, World, Countries, Cities, Religions, Roman Catholic, Muslims Worldwide Missions Wholesome Words. Wholesome Words Christian Website. 02 Dec. 2011. Web . R R Kishore. Human organs, scarcities, and sale morality revisited. Journal of medical exam Ethics. 2004. Print

Competative Analysis: Puma, Reebok, Adidas and Nike Essay

Analyzing the outlays of puma and comparing with its competitor prices was discovered, that all of them are more or less on the same price levels medium to high. Although, Nike and Adidas products are mostly expensive, while puma is providing products for affordable prices. Todays mountain lion is not only sport clothing and equipment, but as well accessories. Puma nail polish, deodorant, shower gels and perfume are easy to find not only in Puma stores, but too in segment stores. The other advantage of Pumas prices could be its discount system with the appearance of new collections, older ones are given good discounts.PromotionPuma is making a big effort on promoting themselves in many different ways. Nowadays it is hard to imagine a successful company without an official internet page, so one of Pumas advantages is the fact that it not only has one, but in any case gives its customers to view and purchase their products online. Puma is also very keen on online customer se rvice delivery time is 2-7 days and has a 40 day return right. Products on discount are also available. A huge effort is made on organizing events not only for young people.The purpose of these events is unreserved combining leisure time with sports from most simple like ping-pong and darts to football, basketball, volleyball and golf. As its competitors, Puma is not lagging behind on organizing charity events and donating money in Children funds. Puma is also working together with United for Africa and Soles4Soles funds. Going eco-friendly is also one of Pumas advantages. In order to reduce the environmental impact, Puma is dependent on the cooperation of other industry players.To tackle this issue, Puma has already started to gain support from national governments, environmental organizations, and representatives of science and industry to push for a shift in the current business paradigm towards a more sustainable approach. Puma has demonstrated that accounting for the environ ment is no longer a holy grail objective, but simply makes good business sense.Image/Brand In the recent years the Puma send has become a synonym of air, expressive style and sport. Puma has elevated their brand image so that they now compete with fashion brands as well as their traditional sportswear. To extend their brand Puma has created concept retail stores that enable people to experience the brand in engaging and compelling ways. Adidas brand communicates the companys goal of fusing sport surgical operation and style competing very closely with Nikes value proposition.Sport performance, sport heritage and sport style are the three different areas that Adidas has chosen to compete with the value propositions of their traditional competitors. Nike has developed a brand that has global reach trying to bring innovation and inspiration to every athlete in the world. They has partnered with the worlds most famous athletes to build their recognition and reach, perfectly demonst rating the power of image marketing. As well as Puma, Nike has extended their brand by creating concept retail stores.Nike differentiates themselves from Puma by focusing on performance driven style, whereas Puma focus on lifestyle driven style. Adidas tries to improve their performance through technological innovation similar to Nikes brand. Through the years Reebok has developed a brand that focuses on the lifestyle as well as having fun staying in shape. Reebok is fresh brand, but not as trendy as Nike and Adidas. Like most of the other brands Reebok tries to incite themselves through famous athletes as well. They gain ground across all sports against its competitors. In recent years Reebok invested in innovative designs to make their sports footwear much more comfortable.DesignPuma is a well-known brand, but, unfortunately, not one of the most preferred. To analyze consumers opinion about Puma and its products, a bailiwick was made. Through interviews of 20 young people age range 16-30 who were asked to tell what they thought about Puma as a brand, their design and price of their products in comparison to their competitors, and their promotion effort. Looking at the answers separately, can be concluded that they are almost alike, but there are still a fewer outliers. Furthermore, customers were asked to advice what Puma should do to become more attractive. It was found out that most of the customers would recommend Puma to focus more on design and making the brand more competitive and visually recognized. The important issue for Puma when looking at the answers was that the customers prefer other alternatives, such as Nike and Adidas. This was mainly because of better and trendier design, which is targeting the younger target group better.ProductThe main products of Puma are sportswear, sport stead and accessorize. Puma divides their products into 2 main categories sports and lifestyle. Sports field includes clothing for sports such as football, r unning, sailing, golf, motorsport and rugby. Lifestyle part includes timepieces and body wear product collections, providing Urban Mobility. The main product of Puma casual footwear is very different from their competitors Puma shoes are more fashionable shoes, than athletic shoes. Furthermore, Puma has an Urban Mobility collection cooperating with world-renowned fashion designer Hussein Chalayan. These unique designed footwear, apparel, and accessories will help Puma to create a utility fashion sportswear, offering for the Mobile lifestyle. This look gives the advantage to their products to become more fashionable and trendy.Mission/Vision Puma cooperates with their main competitors Adidas and Nike in order to achieve their mission for a better world for the generations to come, leaving behind Reebok. Pumas mission and vision is to work in ways that contribute to the world by supporting creativity, sustainability and peace and by staying true to the values of being Fair, Honest, Positive and Creative in decisions made and actions taken. fit in to the aim they will keep on making the products for their customers to love, and at the same time bring that vision of a better world a precise closer every day.

Money and Banking Study Guide Chapter 1-5

Chapter 1- Why training bullion, Banking and fiscal marts? Why argon Financial commercialises Important? Financial commercialises atomic number 18 crucial to promoting greater sparing efficiency by channeling finances from volume who do not kick in a productive ingestion for them to those who do. Well functioning fiscal markets be a key factor in producing high stinting growth, and poorly per mother forming pecuniary markets, vice versa. Financial markets and intermediaries have the basic function of getting sight together by moving funds from those who have a surplus of funds to those who have a shortage of funds. The Importance of Interest RatesOn a personal level, high pas quantify judge female genitals deter you from grease ones palmsing a ho last or a car because the cost of finance would be too high. Conversely, they could encourage you to save because you earn much(prenominal) avocation by putting your property aside in nest egg. ON a more than tha n general level, interestingness points affect the boilers suit health of the delivery because they affect not besides consumers leave aloneingness to sp termination but also businesses investment decisions. heights interest aims for example might cause a corporation to postpone building a new plant that would provide more jobs. The Importance of StocksOn a personal level the fluctuations in line of descent tolls affect the size of it of peoples wealth and as a result whitethorn affect their willingness to spend. On a general level, it affects business investment decisions since the harm of sh ars affects the step of funds that can be gussy upd by selling newly payoffd stock to finance investment spending. A high wrong for a firms sh atomic number 18s means that it can raise a outstandingr amount of funds, which it can use to pervert production facilities and equipment. A higher price means it can raise a larger amount of funds, which it can use to buy production facilities and equipment.Role of Financial Intermediaries Financial intermediaries are institutions that borrow funds from people who have saved and in bowl over contain loans to an some other(prenominal)s. Banks are include in this category. They accept deposits and make loans. These include commercial believe buildings, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks and credit amounts. Investment banks are, insurance companies, mutual funds etc. are a distinguishable category. notes growth and splashiness Inflation may be tied to continuing increases in the growth place of the currency supplement.Countries with the highest inflation are those with the highest funds growth place. Questions Quantitative easing is done by the federal Reserve get more bonds. This is how they decrease the interest ordinate. therefore, since the federal official booking said they will be keeping the interest rate close to zero for the next two years, is this not considered QE3? How m whatsoever shares of stock are too much? Cant a confederation infinitely raise property than? Like when does it become a problem in terms of ownership? When 51% is in the hand of the public? Are stock profits considered cash flow for a company?Chapter 2- An Overview of the Financial trunk Indirect Finance vs. Direct Finance In direct finance borrowers borrow funds right away from lenders in pecuniary markets by selling them securities that are claims on the borrowers future income or summations. In indirect finance, lender-savers provide funds to financial intermediaries, who provide funds to borrower and spenders, as well as into financial markets. This financial intermediary borrows funds from the lenders savers and then using these funds make loans to borrower-spenders. This process is called financial intermediation.It is more feasible for them to do this because of their economies of scale and ability to shy off transaction costs. Also it provides runniness ser vices, and try sharing. This process of risk sharing is also some fourth dimensions referred to as asset transformation, because in a sense, spoiled assets are turned into safer assets for investors. Firm and Individual Ways to Obtain pecuniary resource First way is to thin out a debt instrument such as a bond or a mortgage. Second is by raising funds through military issue equities, such as common stock. Primary vs. Secondary MarketPrimary is where new issues of a security such as a bond or fuck are assortment to initial buyers by the corporation or government agency borrowing the funds. A secondary market is a financial market in which securities that have been previously issued can be resold. An investment bank assists in the initial sale of securities in the primary market by underwriting the securities it guarantees a price for a corporations securities and then sells them to the public. A corporation shoots new funds only when its securities are first sold in the prim ary market. Importance of Secondary marketsAlthough they dont like a shot increase corporations stock they nonethe little serve two important functions. (1) they make it easier and quicker to sell these financial instruments to raise cash that is they make the it more liquid. This increased liquidity then makes them more desirable and frankincense easier for issuing firm to sell in the primary market. (2), the secondary market determines the price of the security that the issuing firm sells in the primary market. The investors buying in the primary will pay the corporation no more than the price they think the secondary market will set for the security.Brokers vs. Dealers Brokers are agents of investors who match buyers with sellers of securities dealers conjoin buyers and sellers by buying and selling securities at stated prices. A dealer is a person who will buy and sell securities on their account. On the other hand, a factor is one who will buy and sell securities for their c lients. When dealing with securities, dealers make all decisions in respect of corrupts. On the other hand, a broker will only make purchases as per the clients wishes. While dealers have all the rights and reedom regarding the buying and selling of securities, brokers seldom have this freedom and these rights. Money Market vs. Markets The money market is a financial market in which only short-term debt instruments are traded. The roof market is the market in which longer-term debt instruments and integrity instruments are traded. Money markets are usually more widely traded so tend to be more liquid. Short-term securities are also less volatile in prices than long-term securities, making them more safer investments. security of Deposit (CD)Is a debt instrument sold generally by commercial banks that pay annual interest of a given amount and at maturity pays back the original purchase price. They are sold in the secondary market. Repurchase Agreements (Repos) These are effectiv ely short-term loans usually with a maturity of less than two weeks, for which treasury bills serve as collateral, an asset that the lender receives if the borrower does not pay back the loan. A large corporation for example may have some idle funds in its bank account say $1 million that it would like to lend for a week.Microsoft uses this excess $1mil to buy exchequer bills from a bank, which agrees to repurchase them the next week at a price slightly above Microsofts purchase price. The effect is that Microsoft makes a loan of $1 million ot the bank and holds $1 million of the banks treasury bills until the bank repurchase the bills to pay off the loan. Federal Funds and Federal Funds rate These are confusing because the federal funds designation is not to be confused with loans do by the federal government. It is rather by banks to other banks.One reason they might borrow from other banks is to meet the amount required by regulators. The federal funds rate is a closely watched barometer of the niggardliness of credit market conditions in the banking system. Its the interest rate at which depository institutions actively trade balances held at the Federal Reserve, called federal funds, with each(prenominal) other, usually overnight. When high that means banks are strapped for funds, when low, banks credit needs are low. Thus with a high federal funds rate banks require more money reserve in their vaults and thus cant issue out loans as regularly.Asymmetric Information perverse Selection and Moral Hazard When one party often does not know enough slightly the other party to make accurate decisions. For example a borrower who ingests out a loan usually has better knowledge about the potential topics and risk associated with the investment projects for which the funds are earmarked than the lender does. need of information creates problems on two fronts earlier the transaction is entered into and after. Adverse Selection The problem created by unsymm etrical information before the transaction occurs.It occurs when the potential borrowers who are the most likely to produce an undesirable (adverse) moment the bad credit risks- are the ones who most actively seek out al oan are are thus most likely to be selected. Moral Hazard The problem created by asymmetric information after the transaction occurs. It is the risk and hazard that the borrower might engage in activities that are undesirable from the lenders point of view because they make it less likely that the loan will be paying back. When you make a loan, it is usually by trust that they do what they say theyll do with the money.Depository Institutions technical banks, savings and loan Associations, usual nest egg Banks, Credit Unions. These are financial intermediaries, referred to as simply banks in the text, that accept deposits from individuals and institutions and make loans. Thrift Institutions are all of these minus commercial banks. Commercial Banks Raise funds prim arily by issuing checkable deposits, savings deposits, they then use these funds to make commercial, consumer, and mortgage loans and to buy US government securities and municipal bonds.They are the largest financial intermediary and have the most diversified portfolios of assets. Savings and give Associations and Mutual Savings Banks Obtain funds primarily through savings deposits often called shares and time checkable deposits. Over time they have been less constrained and are turning into commercial banks. Credit Unions ordinarily very small cooperative lending institutions organized around a particular group union members, employees of a particular firm, and so forth. They acquire funds form deposits called shares and primarily make consumer loans. Contractual Savings InstitutionsFinancial intermediaries that acquire funds at periodic intervals on a contractual basis, since they can venture with reasonable accuracy how much they will have to pay out in benefits in the culmin ation years. Liquidity is not as important. Involve life insurance companies, fire and casualty insurance companies, and reward and government retirement funds. Finance Companies Raise funds by selling commercial paper and by issuing stocks and bonds. They lend funds to consumers who make purchases of items and to small businesses. Some are organized by conjure up corporations to help sell its product. Mutual FundsAcquire funds by selling shares to many individuals and use the proceeds to purchase diversified portfolios of stocks and bonds. Mutual funds allow shareholders to pool their resources so that they can take advantage of lower transaction costs when buying large blocks of stocks or bonds. Money Market Mutual Funds Similar to a mutual fund but they also function to an extent as a depository institution. They sell shares to acquire funds that are then used to buy money market instruments that are both safe and liquid. A key feature is that shareholders can write checks agai nst the foster of their share retentions.Investment Banks It is not a bank or a financial intermediary in the intermediate sense that is, it does not take in deposits and then lend them out. Instead, an Investment Bank is a different type of intermediary that helps a corporation issue securities. First it advises the corporation on which type of securities to issue (stocks or bonds) then it helps sell (underwrite) the securities by purchasing them from the corporation at a predetermined price and reselling them in the market. They also act as deal makers and earn enormous fees by helping corporations acquire other companies through mergers and acquisitions.Regulations involved Restrictions on entry, only those who have impeccable credentials and a large amount of initial funds are given a charter as a financial intermediary. Stringent reporting requirements for financial intermediaries. Restrictions on certain assets and activities. Deposit Insurance, Limits on Competition. Also, there is a limitation on interest rates that can be paid on deposits. These regulations were instituted because of the widespread believe that unrestricted interest-rate compensation helped encourage bank failures during the Great Depression.In terms of regulation abroad, the major differences between financial regulation in the US vs. Abroad relate to bank regulation as in the sometime(prenominal) the US was the only industrialized country to subject banks to restrictions on branching which limited banks size. Questions When a company issues a secondary IPO, is it in the primary market or secondary market? Chapter 3 What is Money? What are the requirements for Money? (1) Must be easily standardized making it simple to ascertain its cling to (2) It must be widely accepted (3) It must be divisible so that it easy to make change (4) It must be easy to carry and (5) It must not deteriorate quickly.Examples have included strings of beds used by Indians, to tobacco, and whiskey, to cigarettes. Functions of Money Money is used as (1) a medium of vary to pay for goods and services (2) a unit of account used to measure value in the economy (3) a store of value used to save purchasing power from the time income is received until the time it is spent. Commodity Money Money made up of precious metals or another valuable commodity is called commodity money. Problem is that it is hard to jinx. Fiat Money Paper Currency.It has the advantage of being much luminance than coins or precious metal, but it can be accepted as a medium of metamorphose only if there is trusting in the authorities that issue it and if printing has reached a sufficiently in advance(p) stage that counterfeiting is extremely difficult. Major drawbacks are that they are easily stolen and can be expensive to transport in large amounts because of their bulk. To combat this there has been the invention of checks. Monetary Aggregates M1 = Currency + Travelers Checks + subscribe deposits + Other c heckable deposits.M2 = M1 + small denomination time deposits + savings deposits and money market deposit accounts + money market mutual fund shares. M1 is the most liquid while M2 is money including assets that have check-writing features and other assets that can be turned into cash quickly at little cost, but are not as liquid. Chapter 4 Understanding Interest Rates Simple Loan PV = CF/(1+i)n, theres not payments in between, its just the lender provides the borrower with an mount of funds (principal) which is then repaid back to lender at the end of the maturity (can be any amount of years) as well as an interst.Fixed Payment Loan Lender provides borrower with an amount of funds which must be repaid by making the selfsame(prenominal) payment every(prenominal) period consisting of part principal and part interest. voucher Bond Your normal type of bond, pays interest by coupon payment, price changes, principal at end. Corporate bonds, treasury bonds, all are coupon bonds. implic ation Bond Zero-Coupon Bond, this is a type of coupon bond where it is bought at a price below its human face value and the face value is repaid at the end of the maturity date. However it does not make any interest payments. Its coupon rate = 0. YTM = F-P / P PerpetuityType of coupon bond that is a perpetual bond and has no maturity date where it repays a principal amount. P = C/i Current Yield With long-term bonds or perpetuities, I = C/P and this just equals the current yield. mark Between Interest Rates and Returns A lender is not better off if the interest rate trys. How well a person does by holding a bond or any other security depends on their assets return. Here for a bond, the return is defined as the payments to the owner plus the change in its value, expressed as a fraction of its price. R = C+P2-P1 / P1. R = i + g.. = Coupon rate + rate of capital gain.Greater fluctuations with Long Term Bonds When interest rates get on, long-term bonds set up the worse effect since their present values are taken into far far into the future, therefore their prices are more drastically changing. The more distant a bonds maturity the greater the size of the percentage price change associated with an interest rate change. Its all because of the change in capital growth. Interest Rate Risk Prices and returns for long-term bonds are more volatile than those for shorter-term bonds. The riskiness of an assets return that results form interest rate changes is called interest-rate risk.Bonds with a maturity that is as short as the holding period have no interest rate risk. This is true only for discount bonds and zero-coupon bonds. The key is to recognize that the price at the end of the holding period is already fixed at face value, the change in interest rates then have no effect on the price at the end of the holding period for thos bonds, and the return will therefore be equal to the yield to maturity. Fisher Equation titulary interest rate always equals the real interest rate + the pass judgment rate of inflation. Chapter 5 The demeanour of Interest Rates Determinants of Asset Demand 1) Wealth Increasing wealth creates more resources available with which to purchase assets and therefore measure of assets we demand increases. (2) Expected Returns An increase in an assets anticipate return intercourse to alternative assets raises the beat of assets we demand. (3) Risk The degree of risk or uncertainty of an assets returns also affects the demand for the asset. Increasing risk change magnitude the quantity of assets demanded. (4) Liquidity The more liquid an asset is relative to alternative assets, the more desirable it is and greater the quantity demanded. What determines interest rates?Theres two theories the Bond Market manikin and the Money Market framework called the Liquidity Preference. The best possibleness is the combination of the two. Demand Curve in the Bond Market As the interest rate rises, or prices of the bonds d ecrease, people or willing to lend out more money therefore increase their quantity of buying bonds. This explains the prejudicial slope of the bond demand curve. confer Curve in the Bond Market As the interest rates rise, or prices of the bonds decrease, people are less willing to borrow by selling bonds considering that their interest payments are higher.Therefore as interest rates increases, quantity of bonds decrease thereby explaining the positive slope of the lend curve. Shifts in the Demand for Bonds The theory of asset demand demonstrated before provides factors which cause the demand curve for bonds to shift. Therefore these four parameters are included (1) Wealth amplify in wealth increases demand for bonds. This is because with higher wealth, there is a growing business expansion, and therefore people are willing to lend out money more. Also, propensity to save, if households save more, wealth increases and demand for bonds rises. 2) Expected Returns Increase in exp ected returns on bonds relative to alternative assets increases demand for bonds. (through expected interest rates and expected inflation) a. Interest Rates E Higher expected interest rates in the future, say 10% to 20%, would lead toa sharp decline in price and a very large negative turn. Therefore if people expect higher interest rates next year, the demand for bonds will decrease. b. Inflation Rate E An increase in the expected rate of inflation lowers the expected return for bonds.This is because a change in expected inflation is likely to increase the return on physical assets relative to bonds, therefore leading to a rejoin in relative return on bonds therefore decreasing asset demand. (3) Risk Increasing risk of bonds relative to alternative assets decreases demand for bonds. (4) Liquidity Increasing liquidity of bonds relative to alternative assets increases demand for bonds. Shifts in the issue Curve (1) Profitability of Investment Greater economical expansions yield increases in supply of bonds.The more profitable plant and equipment investments that a firm expects it can make, the more willing will borrow. When the economy is growing rapidly, investment opportunities that are expected to be profitable abound, and the quantity of bonds supplied at any given bond price will increase. (2) Expected Inflation When inflation is expected to rise, the real cost of borrowing is more accurately measured by the real interest rate which is the nominal rate minus the expected inflation rate, thus real cost of borrowing fall hence quantity of bonds supplied increases. 3) Government Budget Higher government deficits increase the supply of bonds and shift the supply curve to the right. Government surpluses however do the opposite. Fisher Equation WHEN EXPECTED INFLATION RISES INTEREST evaluate WILL RISE Changes in the Interest Rate due to a Business Expansion In an expansion, the amount of goods and services produced in the economy increase so the natio nal income increases and therefore wealth increases. Therefore demand for bonds increases. At the same, opportunities that are profitable also increase and supply for bonds increase as people want to borrow more.Therefore what happens? Theoretically, nothing, quantity of bonds increases but price/interest rate can go either way. According to data though, usually the supply effect demand effect as more people invest in new opportunities. Therefore interest rates generally rise during an economic expansion. Business Cycles and Interest Rates Data shows that interest rates rise during business cycle expansions and fall during contractions. Focusing into the Money market now. Liquidity Preference Framework says that the analysis of the money market is the same as the analysis of the bond market.Bs Bd = Md Ms. The reason that we approach both in the determination of interest rates with both frameworks is that the bond supply and demand framework is easier to use when analyzing the eff ects from changes in expected inflation, whereas the liquidity preference framework provides a simpler analysis of the effects from changes in income, the price level, and the supply of money. Demand Curve for Money REMEMBER THAT FOR THE MONEY MARKET THE Y AXIS IS INTERST RATE ICNREASING. As interest rates rise, the opportunity cost of holding money increases therefore quantity demanded for money decreases.The Federal reserve controls the amount of money supplied therefore they are able to cause it into equilbirum. Liquidity Preference Framework Shifts in Demand for Money (1) Income A higher level of income causes the demand for money at each interest rate to increase and the demand curve to shift right. People want to hold more money. Thus interest rates will rise. (2) Price-Level Effect When price level rises the same nominal quantity of money is no longer as valuable it cannot be used to purchase as many real goods or services. To restore their holdings of money in real terms t o its former level people want to hold more money.Therefore increase the price level increases the demand for money. Thus interest rates will rise. Liquidity Preference Framework Shifts in Supply of Money (1) Only changes by the federal reserve. Now Combining Liquidity Preference and Bond Framewor When we Increase the MS (1) Income Effect Because an increasing money supply is an expansionary influence on the economy, it should raise national income and wealth. Both the LP and BSD framwork indicate that interest rates will then rise. Thus the income effect of an increase in the money supply is a rise in interest rates. (2) Price Level Effect An increase in the money supply causes verall price level in the economy to rise. The liquidity preference framework indicates that this will lead to a rise in interest rates. (3) Expected Inflation Effect The higher inflation rate that results from an increase in the MS also affects interest rates by affecting the expected inflation rate. Th e Bond Supply framework believes this leads to higher levels of interest rates. But does a higher rate of Growth of the Money Supply Lower Interest Rates? Of all the effects, only the liquidity effect indicates that a higher rate of money growth will cause a decline in interest rates.In contrast, the income, price level and expected inflation effects indicate that interest rates will rise when money growth is higher. Generally the liquidity effect from the greater money growth takes effect immediately because the rebellion money supply leads to an immediate decline in the equilbrium interest rate. The income and price level effects take tim to work because it takes time for the increase money supply to raise the price level and income which in turn raise interest rates. The expected inflation rate can be slow or fast-flying depnding on wether or not people adjust expcations quik enough.